API Design and Development

  1. Advanced Topics and Patterns
    1. API Gateways
      1. Purpose and Functionality
        1. Request Routing
          1. Path-Based Routing
            1. Header-Based Routing
            2. Authentication and Authorization Offloading
              1. Centralized Security
                1. Token Validation
                2. Rate Limiting
                  1. Global Rate Limits
                    1. Per-Client Limits
                    2. Caching
                      1. Response Caching
                        1. Cache Invalidation
                        2. Analytics Aggregation
                          1. Usage Metrics
                            1. Performance Metrics
                            2. Request/Response Transformation
                              1. Data Mapping
                                1. Protocol Translation
                              2. API Gateway Solutions
                                1. Open Source Options
                                  1. Kong
                                    1. Zuul
                                      1. Ambassador
                                      2. Cloud Provider Gateways
                                        1. AWS API Gateway
                                          1. Google Cloud Endpoints
                                            1. Azure API Management
                                            2. Enterprise Solutions
                                              1. MuleSoft
                                                1. Apigee
                                              2. Gateway Patterns
                                                1. Backend for Frontend (BFF)
                                                  1. Service Mesh Integration
                                                    1. Multi-Cloud Gateways
                                                  2. Caching Strategies
                                                    1. Caching Levels
                                                      1. Browser Caching
                                                        1. CDN Caching
                                                          1. Reverse Proxy Caching
                                                            1. Application-Level Caching
                                                            2. Client-Side Caching
                                                              1. Browser Caching
                                                                1. Cache-Control Headers
                                                                  1. Expires Headers
                                                                  2. Cache Invalidation
                                                                    1. ETags
                                                                      1. Last-Modified Headers
                                                                      2. Mobile App Caching
                                                                        1. Offline Support
                                                                          1. Cache Synchronization
                                                                        2. Server-Side Caching
                                                                          1. In-Memory Caches
                                                                            1. Redis
                                                                              1. Memcached
                                                                                1. Application Memory
                                                                                2. Distributed Caching
                                                                                  1. Cache Clusters
                                                                                    1. Cache Replication
                                                                                    2. Cache Invalidation Strategies
                                                                                      1. Time-Based Expiration
                                                                                        1. Event-Based Invalidation
                                                                                          1. Manual Invalidation
                                                                                        2. HTTP Caching Headers
                                                                                          1. `Cache-Control`
                                                                                            1. max-age
                                                                                              1. no-cache
                                                                                                1. no-store
                                                                                                  1. private/public
                                                                                                  2. `ETag`
                                                                                                    1. Strong vs. Weak ETags
                                                                                                      1. ETag Generation
                                                                                                      2. `Last-Modified`
                                                                                                        1. Conditional Requests
                                                                                                          1. If-Modified-Since
                                                                                                          2. `Vary`
                                                                                                            1. Content Negotiation
                                                                                                              1. Cache Key Variation
                                                                                                            2. Cache Patterns
                                                                                                              1. Cache-Aside
                                                                                                                1. Write-Through
                                                                                                                  1. Write-Behind
                                                                                                                    1. Refresh-Ahead
                                                                                                                  2. Asynchronous Operations
                                                                                                                    1. Handling Long-Running Tasks
                                                                                                                      1. Job Queues
                                                                                                                        1. Message Queues
                                                                                                                          1. Task Scheduling
                                                                                                                          2. Background Processing
                                                                                                                            1. Worker Processes
                                                                                                                              1. Job Status Tracking
                                                                                                                            2. Asynchronous Response Patterns
                                                                                                                              1. Immediate Response with Status Endpoint
                                                                                                                                1. Callback URLs (Webhooks)
                                                                                                                                  1. Server-Sent Events
                                                                                                                                    1. WebSocket Connections
                                                                                                                                    2. Webhooks for Callbacks
                                                                                                                                      1. Event Notification Patterns
                                                                                                                                        1. Event Types
                                                                                                                                          1. Payload Design
                                                                                                                                          2. Security Considerations for Webhooks
                                                                                                                                            1. Signature Verification
                                                                                                                                              1. HTTPS Requirements
                                                                                                                                              2. Webhook Reliability
                                                                                                                                                1. Retry Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                  1. Dead Letter Queues
                                                                                                                                                2. Polling for Status
                                                                                                                                                  1. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Polling
                                                                                                                                                    1. Long Polling
                                                                                                                                                      1. Connection Management
                                                                                                                                                        1. Timeout Handling
                                                                                                                                                        2. Exponential Backoff
                                                                                                                                                          1. Retry Intervals
                                                                                                                                                            1. Maximum Retry Limits
                                                                                                                                                        3. Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State (HATEOAS)
                                                                                                                                                          1. Discoverability in REST APIs
                                                                                                                                                            1. Self-Describing APIs
                                                                                                                                                            2. Linking Between Resources
                                                                                                                                                              1. Relationship Types
                                                                                                                                                              2. Hypermedia Formats
                                                                                                                                                                1. HAL (Hypertext Application Language)
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Representation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Embedded Resources
                                                                                                                                                                    2. JSON:API
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Objects
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Collection+JSON
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Collection Representation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Query Templates
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Implementation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Client Complexity
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Caching Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                            2. API Composition and Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. API Orchestration
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Service Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Workflow Management
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. GraphQL Federation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Schema Stitching
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distributed Schemas
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Backend for Frontend (BFF) Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Client-Specific APIs
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Data Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Event-Driven Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Event Sourcing
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Event Store
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Event Replay
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Command Side
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Query Side
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Message Brokers
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Apache Kafka
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. RabbitMQ
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amazon SQS
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. API Monetization Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pricing Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pay-per-call
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Usage-Based Pricing
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tiered Pricing
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Subscription Tiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feature-Based Tiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Usage Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Freemium Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Free Tier Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Upgrade Incentives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Revenue Sharing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Partner Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Marketplace Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Usage Tracking and Billing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metering Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Billing Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Invoice Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Developer Onboarding and Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Developer Portal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. API Key Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Support Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Monetization Analytics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Revenue Tracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Customer Lifetime Value
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Churn Analysis

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      9. API Lifecycle Management

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fundamentals of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)