Air Pollution Control

7.

Particulate Matter Control Technologies

7.1.

Particle Characterization and Properties

7.1.1.

Size Distribution Analysis

7.1.1.1.

Particle Size Measurement

7.1.1.2.

Size Distribution Functions

7.1.1.3.

Cut Diameter Concepts

7.1.2.

Physical Properties

7.1.2.1.

Particle Density

7.1.2.2.

7.1.2.3.

7.1.3.

Chemical Properties

7.1.3.1.

Composition Analysis

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.3.

7.1.4.

Electrical Properties

7.1.4.1.

7.1.4.2.

Charging Characteristics

7.1.4.3.

Dielectric Properties

7.2.

Gravitational and Inertial Separators

7.2.1.

Settling Chambers

7.2.1.1.

Design Principles

7.2.1.2.

Laminar Flow Chambers

7.2.1.3.

Turbulent Flow Effects

7.2.1.4.

Performance Calculations

7.2.2.

Cyclone Separators

7.2.2.1.

Conventional Cyclones

7.2.2.2.

High-Efficiency Cyclones

7.2.2.3.

Multicyclone Systems

7.2.2.4.

Design Parameters

7.2.2.5.

Performance Optimization

7.2.3.

Inertial Impactors

7.2.3.1.

Single-Stage Impactors

7.2.3.2.

Multi-Stage Impactors

7.2.3.3.

Virtual Impactors

7.3.

Wet Scrubbing Systems

7.3.1.

Scrubbing Mechanisms

7.3.1.1.

Inertial Impaction

7.3.1.2.

7.3.1.3.

7.3.1.4.

Electrostatic Attraction

7.3.2.

7.3.2.1.

Countercurrent Flow

7.3.2.2.

7.3.2.3.

Crossflow Configurations

7.3.3.

7.3.3.1.

7.3.3.2.

Structured Packing

7.3.3.3.

Pressure Drop Considerations

7.3.4.

Venturi Scrubbers

7.3.4.1.

7.3.4.2.

Liquid Injection Methods

7.3.4.3.

Energy Requirements

7.3.5.

Other Wet Scrubber Types

7.3.5.1.

Impingement Plate Scrubbers

7.3.5.2.

Centrifugal Scrubbers

7.3.5.3.

Fluidized Bed Scrubbers

7.4.

Electrostatic Precipitators

7.4.1.

Operating Principles

7.4.1.1.

Corona Discharge

7.4.1.2.

Particle Charging

7.4.1.3.

Collection Mechanisms

7.4.2.

7.4.2.1.

Discharge Electrodes

7.4.2.2.

Collection Plates

7.4.2.3.

7.4.2.4.

Power Supply Systems

7.4.2.5.

Gas Distribution Systems

7.4.3.

ESP Types and Configurations

7.4.3.1.

Plate-Wire ESPs

7.4.3.2.

Flat-Plate ESPs

7.4.3.3.

7.4.3.4.

7.4.4.

Performance Factors

7.4.4.1.

Particle Resistivity Effects

7.4.4.2.

7.4.4.3.

Electrode Spacing

7.4.4.4.

Applied Voltage

7.4.5.

Design Considerations

7.4.5.1.

Specific Collection Area

7.4.5.2.

7.4.5.3.

Number of Fields

7.4.5.4.

Rapping Intensity

7.5.

Fabric Filtration Systems

7.5.1.

Filtration Mechanisms

7.5.1.1.

Surface Filtration

7.5.1.2.

Depth Filtration

7.5.1.3.

Cake Filtration

7.5.2.

Filter Media Types

7.5.2.1.

7.5.2.2.

7.5.2.3.

Membrane Filters

7.5.2.4.

7.5.3.

Baghouse Configurations

7.5.3.1.

Pulse-Jet Baghouses

7.5.3.2.

Reverse-Air Baghouses

7.5.3.3.

Shaker Baghouses

7.5.4.

Cleaning Systems

7.5.4.1.

Pulse-Jet Cleaning

7.5.4.2.

Reverse-Air Cleaning

7.5.4.3.

Mechanical Shaking

7.5.5.

Design Parameters

7.5.5.1.

Air-to-Cloth Ratio

7.5.5.2.

7.5.5.3.

Cleaning Frequency

7.5.5.4.

Bag Life Expectancy

7.5.6.

Operational Considerations

7.5.6.1.

Temperature Limitations

7.5.6.2.

Chemical Compatibility

7.5.6.3.

Moisture Effects

7.5.6.4.

Maintenance Requirements

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