Air Pollution Control

  1. Health and Environmental Effects
    1. Human Health Impacts
      1. Exposure Pathways
        1. Inhalation Exposure
          1. Dermal Contact
            1. Ingestion Pathways
            2. Respiratory System Effects
              1. Acute Respiratory Symptoms
                1. Asthma Development and Exacerbation
                  1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                    1. Lung Cancer
                      1. Reduced Lung Function
                      2. Cardiovascular System Effects
                        1. Heart Disease
                          1. Stroke
                            1. Hypertension
                              1. Arrhythmias
                              2. Other Health Effects
                                1. Neurological Effects
                                  1. Reproductive Effects
                                    1. Developmental Effects
                                      1. Immune System Effects
                                      2. Dose-Response Relationships
                                        1. Threshold vs. Non-Threshold Effects
                                          1. Linear vs. Non-Linear Responses
                                            1. Exposure-Response Functions
                                            2. Vulnerable Populations
                                              1. Children and Infants
                                                1. Elderly Individuals
                                                  1. Pregnant Women
                                                    1. Individuals with Pre-existing Conditions
                                                      1. Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Communities
                                                      2. Epidemiological Studies
                                                        1. Cohort Studies
                                                          1. Case-Control Studies
                                                            1. Time-Series Studies
                                                              1. Cross-Sectional Studies
                                                            2. Environmental Effects
                                                              1. Vegetation and Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                1. Direct Foliar Damage
                                                                  1. Reduced Photosynthesis
                                                                    1. Growth Inhibition
                                                                      1. Forest Decline
                                                                        1. Agricultural Crop Losses
                                                                        2. Soil Effects
                                                                          1. Soil Acidification
                                                                            1. Nutrient Depletion
                                                                              1. Heavy Metal Accumulation
                                                                                1. Microbial Community Changes
                                                                                2. Aquatic Ecosystem Effects
                                                                                  1. Surface Water Acidification
                                                                                    1. Eutrophication
                                                                                      1. Toxic Effects on Aquatic Life
                                                                                        1. Bioaccumulation in Food Chains
                                                                                        2. Material Damage
                                                                                          1. Corrosion of Metals
                                                                                            1. Stone and Concrete Deterioration
                                                                                              1. Paint and Coating Damage
                                                                                                1. Textile and Rubber Degradation
                                                                                                2. Visibility Impairment
                                                                                                  1. Light Scattering by Particles
                                                                                                    1. Light Absorption
                                                                                                      1. Regional Haze
                                                                                                        1. Visual Range Reduction
                                                                                                        2. Climate Effects
                                                                                                          1. Greenhouse Gas Warming
                                                                                                            1. Aerosol Cooling Effects
                                                                                                              1. Cloud Formation and Properties
                                                                                                                1. Precipitation Pattern Changes