Agricultural Sciences

5.

Plant Protection

5.1.

Agricultural Entomology

5.1.1.

Insect Biology and Ecology

5.1.1.1.

Insect Morphology

5.1.1.1.1.

External Anatomy

5.1.1.1.1.1.

5.1.1.1.1.2.

Thorax and Appendages

5.1.1.1.1.3.

5.1.1.1.2.

Internal Anatomy

5.1.1.1.2.1.

Digestive System

5.1.1.1.2.2.

Circulatory System

5.1.1.1.2.3.

Respiratory System

5.1.1.1.2.4.

5.1.1.1.2.5.

Reproductive System

5.1.1.2.

Insect Development

5.1.1.2.1.

Metamorphosis Types

5.1.1.2.1.1.

Complete Metamorphosis

5.1.1.2.1.2.

Incomplete Metamorphosis

5.1.1.2.2.

Growth and Molting

5.1.1.2.3.

Diapause and Dormancy

5.1.1.3.

Insect Classification

5.1.1.3.1.

5.1.1.3.1.1.

5.1.1.3.1.2.

5.1.1.3.1.3.

5.1.1.3.1.4.

5.1.1.3.1.5.

5.1.1.3.1.6.

5.1.1.3.1.7.

5.1.1.3.2.

Identification Techniques

5.1.1.3.2.1.

Morphological Keys

5.1.1.3.2.2.

Molecular Identification

5.1.2.

Beneficial Insects

5.1.2.1.

5.1.2.1.1.

5.1.2.1.2.

5.1.2.1.3.

Butterflies and Moths

5.1.2.1.4.

Other Pollinators

5.1.2.2.

Natural Enemies

5.1.2.2.1.

5.1.2.2.1.1.

5.1.2.2.1.2.

5.1.2.2.1.3.

5.1.2.2.2.

5.1.2.2.2.1.

Parasitic Wasps

5.1.2.2.2.2.

Parasitic Flies

5.1.2.2.3.

5.1.2.2.3.1.

Bacterial Pathogens

5.1.2.2.3.2.

Fungal Pathogens

5.1.2.2.3.3.

Viral Pathogens

5.1.3.

5.1.3.1.

Major Crop Pests

5.1.3.1.1.

Chewing Insects

5.1.3.1.2.

Sucking Insects

5.1.3.1.3.

5.1.3.1.4.

5.1.3.2.

Damage Assessment

5.1.3.2.1.

5.1.3.2.2.

Indirect Damage

5.1.3.2.3.

Economic Injury Levels

5.1.3.3.

Pest Monitoring

5.1.3.3.1.

Sampling Methods

5.1.3.3.2.

Trapping Systems

5.1.3.3.3.

Degree-Day Models

5.2.

Plant Pathology

5.2.1.

Disease-Causing Organisms

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.1.1.

Fungal Structure

5.2.1.1.2.

Reproduction Methods

5.2.1.1.3.

Major Fungal Groups

5.2.1.1.4.

Disease Symptoms

5.2.1.2.

5.2.1.2.1.

Bacterial Characteristics

5.2.1.2.2.

Transmission Methods

5.2.1.2.3.

Bacterial Disease Symptoms

5.2.1.3.

5.2.1.3.1.

Viral Structure

5.2.1.3.2.

Transmission Vectors

5.2.1.3.3.

Viral Disease Symptoms

5.2.1.4.

5.2.1.4.1.

Nematode Biology

5.2.1.4.2.

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

5.2.1.4.3.

Damage Symptoms

5.2.1.5.

Other Pathogens

5.2.1.5.1.

5.2.1.5.2.

5.2.1.5.3.

Parasitic Plants

5.2.2.

Disease Development

5.2.2.1.

Disease Triangle

5.2.2.1.1.

Host Susceptibility

5.2.2.1.2.

Pathogen Virulence

5.2.2.1.3.

Environmental Conditions

5.2.2.2.

Infection Process

5.2.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.3.

5.2.2.2.4.

5.2.2.2.5.

5.2.2.3.

5.2.2.3.1.

Primary Inoculum

5.2.2.3.2.

Secondary Inoculum

5.2.2.3.3.

Overwintering Survival

5.2.3.

Disease Diagnosis

5.2.3.1.

Symptom Recognition

5.2.3.1.1.

Foliar Symptoms

5.2.3.1.2.

5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.1.4.

5.2.3.2.

Diagnostic Techniques

5.2.3.2.1.

5.2.3.2.2.

Culturing Methods

5.2.3.2.3.

Serological Tests

5.2.3.2.4.

Molecular Diagnostics

5.2.4.

Disease Management

5.2.4.1.

Cultural Control

5.2.4.1.1.

5.2.4.1.2.

5.2.4.1.3.

Resistant Varieties

5.2.4.1.4.

Planting Date Adjustment

5.2.4.2.

Biological Control

5.2.4.2.1.

Antagonistic Microorganisms

5.2.4.2.2.

Biocontrol Agents

5.2.4.3.

Chemical Control

5.2.4.3.1.

5.2.4.3.2.

5.2.4.3.3.

5.2.4.3.4.

Application Methods

5.3.

Integrated Pest Management

5.3.1.

5.3.1.1.

Ecosystem Approach

5.3.1.2.

Multiple Tactics Integration

5.3.1.3.

Economic Considerations

5.3.1.4.

Environmental Protection

5.3.2.

Pest Monitoring and Assessment

5.3.2.1.

Scouting Programs

5.3.2.1.1.

Visual Inspection

5.3.2.1.2.

Sampling Protocols

5.3.2.1.3.

5.3.2.2.

Pest Identification

5.3.2.2.1.

Field Identification

5.3.2.2.2.

Laboratory Confirmation

5.3.2.3.

Population Assessment

5.3.2.3.1.

Density Estimation

5.3.2.3.2.

Distribution Mapping

5.3.3.

Economic Thresholds

5.3.3.1.

Economic Injury Level

5.3.3.2.

Economic Threshold

5.3.3.3.

Action Threshold

5.3.3.4.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

5.3.4.

Control Tactics Integration

5.3.4.1.

Cultural Controls

5.3.4.1.1.

Habitat Modification

5.3.4.1.2.

5.3.4.1.3.

Resistant Varieties

5.3.4.1.4.

Planting Practices

5.3.4.2.

Biological Controls

5.3.4.2.1.

Conservation of Natural Enemies

5.3.4.2.2.

Augmentative Releases

5.3.4.2.3.

Classical Biological Control

5.3.4.3.

Mechanical and Physical Controls

5.3.4.3.1.

Exclusion Methods

5.3.4.3.2.

5.3.4.3.3.

Physical Removal

5.3.4.4.

Chemical Controls

5.3.4.4.1.

Selective Pesticides

5.3.4.4.2.

Targeted Applications

5.3.4.4.3.

Resistance Management

5.3.5.

IPM Implementation

5.3.5.1.

Program Development

5.3.5.2.

Farmer Training

5.3.5.3.

Monitoring and Evaluation

5.3.5.4.

Adaptive Management

5.4.

Pesticide Science and Application

5.4.1.

Pesticide Classification

5.4.1.1.

By Target Organism

5.4.1.1.1.

5.4.1.1.2.

5.4.1.1.3.

5.4.1.1.4.

5.4.1.1.5.

5.4.1.1.6.

5.4.1.2.

By Chemical Structure

5.4.1.2.1.

Organochlorines

5.4.1.2.2.

Organophosphates

5.4.1.2.3.

5.4.1.2.4.

5.4.1.2.5.

5.4.1.3.

By Mode of Action

5.4.1.3.1.

Contact Pesticides

5.4.1.3.2.

Systemic Pesticides

5.4.1.3.3.

Stomach Poisons

5.4.1.3.4.

5.4.2.

Pesticide Formulations

5.4.2.1.

Liquid Formulations

5.4.2.1.1.

Emulsifiable Concentrates

5.4.2.1.2.

5.4.2.1.3.

5.4.2.2.

Solid Formulations

5.4.2.2.1.

Wettable Powders

5.4.2.2.2.

5.4.2.2.3.

5.4.2.3.

Specialty Formulations

5.4.2.3.1.

Microencapsulated

5.4.2.3.2.

5.4.2.3.3.

Bait Formulations

5.4.3.

Application Technology

5.4.3.1.

Application Equipment

5.4.3.1.1.

5.4.3.1.1.1.

5.4.3.1.1.2.

Air-Blast Sprayers

5.4.3.1.1.3.

Backpack Sprayers

5.4.3.1.2.

5.4.3.1.3.

Granule Applicators

5.4.3.1.4.

Fumigation Equipment

5.4.3.2.

Application Techniques

5.4.3.2.1.

5.4.3.2.2.

5.4.3.2.3.

Application Timing

5.4.3.2.4.

Weather Considerations

5.4.3.3.

5.4.3.3.1.

Equipment Calibration

5.4.3.3.2.

Rate Calculations

5.4.3.3.3.

Quality Control

5.4.4.

Pesticide Safety and Regulations

5.4.4.1.

Human Health Protection

5.4.4.1.1.

Personal Protective Equipment

5.4.4.1.2.

Exposure Routes

5.4.4.1.3.

Acute and Chronic Effects

5.4.4.1.4.

First Aid Procedures

5.4.4.2.

Environmental Protection

5.4.4.2.1.

Non-Target Effects

5.4.4.2.2.

Water Quality Protection

5.4.4.2.3.

Soil Contamination

5.4.4.2.4.

Wildlife Protection

5.4.4.3.

Regulatory Framework

5.4.4.3.1.

Registration Requirements

5.4.4.3.2.

Label Requirements

5.4.4.3.3.

Use Restrictions

5.4.4.3.4.

Residue Tolerances

5.4.5.

Resistance Management

5.4.5.1.

Resistance Mechanisms

5.4.5.1.1.

Metabolic Resistance

5.4.5.1.2.

Target Site Resistance

5.4.5.1.3.

Behavioral Resistance

5.4.5.2.

Resistance Detection

5.4.5.2.1.

5.4.5.2.2.

Molecular Markers

5.4.5.3.

Resistance Management Strategies

5.4.5.3.1.

Rotation of Modes of Action

5.4.5.3.2.

Mixtures and Combinations

5.4.5.3.3.

Refugia Management

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