Aerospace Materials

2.

Metallic Materials in Aerospace

2.1.

Aluminum Alloys

2.1.1.

Wrought Aluminum Alloys

2.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.2.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.2.

2.1.1.2.1.

Aluminum-Copper System

2.1.1.2.2.

Heat Treatment Response

2.1.1.2.3.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.2.4.

Limitations and Concerns

2.1.1.3.

2.1.1.3.1.

Aluminum-Manganese System

2.1.1.3.2.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.4.

2.1.1.4.1.

Aluminum-Magnesium System

2.1.1.4.2.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.5.

2.1.1.5.1.

Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon System

2.1.1.5.2.

Heat Treatment Response

2.1.1.5.3.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.6.

2.1.1.6.1.

Aluminum-Zinc System

2.1.1.6.2.

High Strength Characteristics

2.1.1.6.3.

Properties and Applications

2.1.1.6.4.

Stress Corrosion Susceptibility

2.1.2.

Cast Aluminum Alloys

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.3.

Investment Casting

2.1.2.4.

Permanent Mold Casting

2.1.2.5.

Typical Applications

2.1.3.

Aluminum-Lithium Alloys

2.1.3.1.

First Generation Al-Li Alloys

2.1.3.2.

Second Generation Al-Li Alloys

2.1.3.3.

Third Generation Al-Li Alloys

2.1.3.4.

Advantages and Benefits

2.1.3.5.

Processing Challenges

2.1.3.6.

Applications in Modern Aircraft

2.1.4.

Heat Treatment of Aluminum

2.1.4.1.

Solution Heat Treatment

2.1.4.2.

2.1.4.3.

2.1.4.4.

Artificial Aging

2.1.4.5.

Precipitation Hardening Mechanisms

2.1.4.6.

Temper Designations

2.1.4.6.1.

2.1.4.6.2.

2.1.4.6.3.

2.1.4.6.4.

2.1.5.

Applications in Aircraft Structures

2.1.5.1.

Fuselage Construction

2.1.5.1.1.

2.1.5.1.2.

2.1.5.1.3.

2.1.5.2.

Wing Structures

2.1.5.2.1.

2.1.5.2.2.

2.1.5.2.3.

2.1.5.3.

Control Surfaces

2.1.5.3.1.

2.1.5.3.2.

2.1.5.3.3.

2.1.5.4.

Landing Gear Components

2.2.

Titanium Alloys

2.2.1.

Classification of Titanium Alloys

2.2.1.1.

2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.1.2.

Near-Alpha Alloys

2.2.1.2.1.

2.2.1.3.

Alpha-Beta Alloys

2.2.1.3.1.

2.2.1.4.

2.2.1.4.1.

2.2.2.

Common Titanium Alloys

2.2.2.1.

2.2.2.2.

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo

2.2.2.3.

2.2.2.4.

Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al

2.2.3.

Properties and Performance

2.2.3.1.

High Strength-to-Weight Ratio

2.2.3.2.

Temperature Capability

2.2.3.3.

Corrosion Resistance

2.2.3.4.

Biocompatibility

2.2.3.5.

Fatigue Resistance

2.2.4.

Processing of Titanium

2.2.4.1.

Melting and Casting

2.2.4.2.

2.2.4.3.

2.2.4.4.

Machining Considerations

2.2.4.5.

2.2.4.6.

2.2.5.

2.2.5.1.

Engine Components

2.2.5.1.1.

2.2.5.1.2.

Compressor Discs

2.2.5.1.3.

2.2.5.2.

Airframe Applications

2.2.5.2.1.

2.2.5.2.2.

Wing Attachments

2.2.5.2.3.

High-Stress Fittings

2.2.5.3.

Fasteners and Hardware

2.3.

High-Strength Steels

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1.

Low Alloy Steels

2.3.1.2.

Medium Alloy Steels

2.3.1.3.

High Alloy Steels

2.3.1.4.

Properties and Heat Treatment

2.3.2.

Maraging Steels

2.3.2.1.

18% Nickel Maraging Steels

2.3.2.2.

Aging Mechanisms

2.3.2.3.

Properties and Applications

2.3.3.

Stainless Steels

2.3.3.1.

Austenitic Stainless Steels

2.3.3.2.

Ferritic Stainless Steels

2.3.3.3.

Martensitic Stainless Steels

2.3.3.4.

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels

2.3.3.5.

Corrosion Resistance Mechanisms

2.3.4.

Ultra-High Strength Steels

2.3.4.1.

Properties and Applications

2.3.5.

Applications in Aerospace

2.3.5.1.

Landing Gear Components

2.3.5.2.

High-Strength Fasteners

2.3.5.3.

Actuation Systems

2.3.5.4.

Pressure Vessels

2.3.5.5.

2.4.

Magnesium Alloys

2.4.1.

Properties of Magnesium

2.4.1.1.

2.4.1.2.

Specific Strength

2.4.1.3.

Damping Characteristics

2.4.1.4.

Thermal Conductivity

2.4.2.

Limitations and Concerns

2.4.2.1.

2.4.2.2.

Corrosion Susceptibility

2.4.2.3.

Limited Ductility

2.4.2.4.

Galvanic Compatibility

2.4.3.

Common Magnesium Alloys

2.4.3.1.

2.4.3.2.

2.4.3.3.

2.4.4.

Processing of Magnesium

2.4.4.1.

2.4.4.2.

2.4.4.3.

2.4.4.4.

2.4.5.

2.4.5.1.

Gearbox Housings

2.4.5.2.

Engine Components

2.4.5.3.

Helicopter Structures

2.4.5.4.

Interior Components

2.4.5.5.

Wheels and Brackets

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