Design of experiments | Statistical data types

Observational study

In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis. (Wikipedia).

Observational study
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Confounding | Dependent and independent variables | Longitudinal study | Matching (statistics) | Multiple comparisons problem | Systematic review | External validity | Multivariate statistics | Experiment | Correlation does not imply causation | Randomized controlled trial | Statistics | Cross-sectional study | Random assignment | Panel analysis | Cohort study | Statistical population | Propensity score matching