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Goodstein's theorem

In mathematical logic, Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the natural numbers, proved by Reuben Goodstein in 1944, which states that every Goodstein sequence eventually terminates at 0. Kirby and Paris showed that it is unprovable in Peano arithmetic (but it can be proven in stronger systems, such as second-order arithmetic). This was the third example of a true statement that is unprovable in Peano arithmetic, after the examples provided by Gödel's incompleteness theorem and Gerhard Gentzen's 1943 direct proof of the unprovability of ε0-induction in Peano arithmetic. The Paris–Harrington theorem gave another example. Laurence Kirby and Jeff Paris introduced a graph-theoretic hydra game with behavior similar to that of Goodstein sequences: the "Hydra" (named for the mythological multi-headed Hydra of Lerna) is a rooted tree, and a move consists of cutting off one of its "heads" (a branch of the tree), to which the hydra responds by growing a finite number of new heads according to certain rules. Kirby and Paris proved that the Hydra will eventually be killed, regardless of the strategy that Hercules uses to chop off its heads, though this may take a very long time. Just like for Goodstein sequences, Kirby and Paris showed that it cannot be proven in Peano arithmetic alone. (Wikipedia).

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The sequence that grows remarkably large, then drops to zero!

Goodstein sequences can get larger than Graham's number and the growth rate can be faster than Ackermann’s function. In fact, these sequences grow at such an incredible rate, that the theorem literally cannot be proven using first order arithmetic and can only be proven using a stronger sy

From playlist Summer of Math Exposition 2 videos

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How Infinity Explains the Finite | Infinite Series

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/donateinfi Peano arithmetic proves many theories in mathematics but does have its limits. In order to prove certain things you have to step beyond these axioms. Sometimes you need

From playlist An Infinite Playlist

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What is the max and min of a horizontal line on a closed interval

👉 Learn how to find the extreme values of a function using the extreme value theorem. The extreme values of a function are the points/intervals where the graph is decreasing, increasing, or has an inflection point. A theorem which guarantees the existence of the maximum and minimum points

From playlist Extreme Value Theorem of Functions

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Goodstein Sequences and Huge Numbers - MegaFavNumbers

One of mathematics weirdest aspects shows up in the so called Goodstein sequences and the truly gigantic numbers they reach. #MegaFavNumbers Small correction: The number should read 3*2^402653210 - 1

From playlist MegaFavNumbers

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Prove or Disprove if the Function is Injective

Prove or Disprove if the Function is Injective If you enjoyed this video please consider liking, sharing, and subscribing. You can also help support my channel by becoming a member https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCr7lmzIk63PZnBw3bezl-Mg/join Thank you:)

From playlist Functions, Sets, and Relations

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Using the ivt to show a value c exists with a given range

👉 Learn about the intermediate value theorem. The intermediate value theorem states that if a continuous function, f, with an interval [a, b], as its domain, takes values f(a) and f(b) at each end of the interval, then it also takes any value between f(a) and f(b) at some point within the

From playlist Intermediate Value Theorem of Functions

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Find the max and min of a linear function on the closed interval

👉 Learn how to find the extreme values of a function using the extreme value theorem. The extreme values of a function are the points/intervals where the graph is decreasing, increasing, or has an inflection point. A theorem which guarantees the existence of the maximum and minimum points

From playlist Extreme Value Theorem of Functions

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The Mathematics of Quantum Computers | Infinite Series

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/donateinfi What is the math behind quantum computers? And why are quantum computers so amazing? Find out on this episode of Infinite Series. Tweet at us! @pbsinfinite Facebook:

From playlist Quantum Computers

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Wolfram Physics Project: Working Session Tuesday, Nov. 3, 2020 [Combinators]

This is a Wolfram Physics Project working session on combinators. Originally livestreamed at: https://twitch.tv/stephen_wolfram Stay up-to-date on this project by visiting our website: http://wolfr.am/physics Check out the announcement post: http://wolfr.am/physics-announcement Find the

From playlist Wolfram Physics Project Livestream Archive

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Determine the extrema of a function on a closed interval

👉 Learn how to find the extreme values of a function using the extreme value theorem. The extreme values of a function are the points/intervals where the graph is decreasing, increasing, or has an inflection point. A theorem which guarantees the existence of the maximum and minimum points

From playlist Extreme Value Theorem of Functions

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Infinite Sets and Foundations (Joel David Hamkins) | Ep. 17

Joel David Hamkins is a Professor of Logic with appointments in Philosophy and Mathematics at Oxford University. His main interest is in set theory. We discuss the field of set theory: what it can say about infinite sets and which issues are unresolved, and the relation of set theory to ph

From playlist Daniel Rubin Show, Full episodes

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Siggraph 1985 - The Mechanical Universe Demo

A short demonstration video of the computer animations for "The Mechanical Universe," produced by Jim Blinn for the 1985 Special Interest Group on Graphics (Siggraph) of the Association for Computing Machinery conference. Visit http://JimBlinn.com for more details. “The Mechanical Univers

From playlist The Mechanical Universe

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Episode 7: Integration - The Mechanical Universe

Episode 7. Integration: Newton and Leibniz arrive at the conclusion that differentiation and integration are inverse processes. “The Mechanical Universe,” is a critically-acclaimed series of 52 thirty-minute videos covering the basic topics of an introductory university physics course. E

From playlist The Mechanical Universe

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Session 4 - Becoming Caltech, 1910–1930: Presentations from the Archives - 7/23/2020

Session 4: From High Volts to High Energy Physics (begins at 1:41) The Life and Times of Mathematician Olga Taussky-Todd (begins at 16:15) Clubs and Sports (begins at 40:16) Q&A (begins at 1:00:12) Learn more about: - This series: https://www.library.caltech.edu/becoming-caltech-presenta

From playlist Becoming Caltech, 1910–1930: Presentations from the Archives

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The Mean Value Theorem From Calculus Explanation and Example of Finding c

Please Subscribe here, thank you!!! https://goo.gl/JQ8Nys The Mean Value Theorem From Calculus Explanation and Example of Finding c

From playlist Calculus 1 Exam 2 Playlist

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Multivariable Calculus | Differentiability

We give the definition of differentiability for a multivariable function and provide a few examples. http://www.michael-penn.net https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Penn5 http://www.randolphcollege.edu/mathematics/

From playlist Multivariable Calculus

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How to determine the max and min of a sine on a closed interval

👉 Learn how to find the extreme values of a function using the extreme value theorem. The extreme values of a function are the points/intervals where the graph is decreasing, increasing, or has an inflection point. A theorem which guarantees the existence of the maximum and minimum points

From playlist Extreme Value Theorem of Functions

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Session 3 - Becoming Caltech, 1910–1930: Presentations from the Archives - 7/9/2020

Session 3: Caltech's Early Architects (begins at 2:38) E. T. Bell and Mathematics Between the Wars, by special guest Judith R. Goodstein, University Archivist, Emeritus (begins at 14:07) Student Life and the Original Big T, Carved into a Mountain (begins at 31:51) Q&A (begins at 50:08) L

From playlist Becoming Caltech, 1910–1930: Presentations from the Archives

Related pages

Hydra game | Fast-growing hierarchy | Ackermann function | Kanamori–McAloon theorem | Mathematical logic | Non-standard model of arithmetic | Turing machine | Natural number | Kruskal's tree theorem | Computable function | Paris–Harrington theorem | Second-order arithmetic | Hardy hierarchy | Peano axioms | Independence (mathematical logic) | Ordinal number | Graham's number | Infinite regress