Obsolete units of measurement

Newton scale

The Newton scale is a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton in 1701.He called his device a "thermometer", but he did not use the term "temperature", speaking of "degrees of heat" (gradus caloris) instead.Newton's publication represents the first attempt to introduce an objective way of measuring (what would come to be called) temperature (alongside the Rømer scale published at nearly the same time).Newton likely developed his scale for practical use rather than for a theoretical interest in thermodynamics; he had been appointed Warden of the Mint in 1695, and Master of the Mint in 1699, and his interest in the melting points of metals are likely inspired by his duties in connection with the Royal Mint. Newton used linseed oil as thermometric material and measured its change of volume against his reference points. He set as 0 on his scale "the heat of air in winter at which water begins to freeze" (Calor aeris hyberni ubi aqua incipit gelu rigescere), reminiscent of the standard of the modern Celsius scale (i.e. 0 °N = 0 °C), but he has no single second reference point; he does give the "heat at which water begins to boil" as 33, but this is not a defining reference; the values for body temperature and the freezing and boiling point of water suggest a conversion factor between the Newton and the Celsius scale of between about 3.08 (12 °N = 37 °C) and 3.03 (33 °N = 100 °C) but since the objectively verifiable reference points given result in irreconcilable data (especially for high temperatures), no unambiguous "conversion" between the scales is possible. The linseed thermometer could be used up to the melting point of tin. For higher temperatures, Newton used a "sufficiently thick piece of iron" that was heated until red-hot and then exposed to the wind. On this piece of iron, samples of metals and alloys were placed, which melted and then again solidified on cooling. Newton then determined the "degrees of heat" of these samples based on the solidification times, and tied this scale to the linseed one by measuring the melting point of tin in both systems.This second system of measurement led Newton to derive his law of convective heat transfer, also known as Newton's law of cooling. In his publication, Newton gives 18 reference points (in addition to a range of meteorological air temperatures), which he labels by two systems, one in arithmetic progression and the other in geometric progression, as follows: (Wikipedia).

Video thumbnail

What is a Newton? An Explanation

This video goes over an explanation of the metric unit for force which is the newton. The newton is the derived unit in the metric system for force. A force is a push or a pull. One newton is equal to the force that would give a one kilogram mass an acceleration of one meter per second s

From playlist Mechanics

Video thumbnail

Physics 4 Newton's Laws of Motion (17 of 20) Third Law: Example 5

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain the tension of the previous video using Newton's 3rd Law of motion.

From playlist PHYSICS - MECHANICS

Video thumbnail

Julius Sumner Miller Lesson 3: Newton's Second Law of Motion - The Elevator Problem

It is rather obvious that the greater the MASS - the greater the INERTIA of a body - the harder it is to put it into motion. That is: if a body of MASS M requires a FORCE F to give it "so much" motion - that is, so much acceleration - than a body of MASS 2M requires a FORCE 2F to give

From playlist Julius Sumner Miller - Full Physics Laboratory Demonstrations

Video thumbnail

Jorge Nocedal: "Tutorial on Optimization Methods for Machine Learning, Pt. 1"

Graduate Summer School 2012: Deep Learning, Feature Learning "Tutorial on Optimization Methods for Machine Learning, Pt. 1" Jorge Nocedal, Northwestern University Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, UCLA July 19, 2012 For more information: https://www.ipam.ucla.edu/programs/summ

From playlist GSS2012: Deep Learning, Feature Learning

Video thumbnail

Year 12/AS Mechanics Chapter 10.5 (Forces and Motion)

This lesson on the topic of Forces and Motion is centred on problems involving connected particles, or objects that can be modelled as particles. These can be questions where the particles are connected via a connecting material (eg a string, metal bar, rope etc) or the objects/particles

From playlist Year 12/AS Edexcel (8MA0) Mathematics: FULL COURSE

Video thumbnail

Lecture 16 | Convex Optimization I (Stanford)

Professor Stephen Boyd, of the Stanford University Electrical Engineering department, lectures on how equality constrained minimization is utilized in electrical engineering for the course, Convex Optimization I (EE 364A). Convex Optimization I concentrates on recognizing and solving co

From playlist Lecture Collection | Convex Optimization

Video thumbnail

Vectors

MIT RES.TLL-004 STEM Concept Videos View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/RES-TLL-004F13 Instructor: Dan Hastings This video introduces the concept of the vector, explores vector properties using physical intuition based on displacements, and discusses how to recognize when a physi

From playlist MIT STEM Concept Videos

Video thumbnail

Newton's Laws of Motion - Physics 101 / AP Physics 1 Review - Dianna Cowern

Lesson 4 (Newton's Laws of Motion) of Dianna's Intro Physics Class on Physics Girl. Never taken physics before? Want to learn the basics of physics? Need an AP Physics 1 review before the exam? This course is for you! Exercises in this video: Problem 1: You push your square space cow, ma

From playlist Dianna's Intro Physics Class/ Physics 101/ AP Physics 1 Review with Physics Girl

Video thumbnail

4.8 The Normal Force

This video covers Section 4.8 of Cutnell & Johnson Physics 10e, by David Young and Shane Stadler, published by John Wiley and Sons. The lecture is part of the course General Physics - Life Sciences I and II, taught by Dr. Boyd F. Edwards at Utah State University. This video was produced

From playlist Lecture 4B. Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion

Video thumbnail

National 5 Physics - Vector addition

National 5 Physics - this video explains how to add vectors (i) by scale drawing and (ii) by calculation. ----------------------------------------------------- Support the channel – you can buy me a coffee here... https://www.buymeacoffee.com/MrSmith My Amazon storefront for school su

From playlist National 5 - Dynamics

Video thumbnail

Weightlessness in Orbit

This video tutorial lesson explains the meaning of the term weightlessness​ and identifies the cause of weightlessness. The variety of learner misconceptions associated with the topic are addressed. You can find more information that supports this video on our website: Lesson Notes: ht

From playlist Circular and Satellite Motion

Related pages

Isaac Newton | Rømer scale | List of obsolete units of measurement | Newton (unit)