X-Ray Crystallography

  1. Physics of X-Ray Diffraction
    1. X-Rays and Their Interaction with Matter
      1. Properties of X-Rays
        1. Wavelength Range
          1. Penetration and Absorption
            1. Ionizing Nature
            2. Generation of X-Rays
              1. X-Ray Tubes
                1. Principle of Operation
                  1. Target Materials
                  2. Synchrotron Sources
                    1. Principle of Operation
                      1. Advantages over Conventional Sources
                    2. Scattering by a Single Electron
                      1. Physical Basis
                        1. Mathematical Description
                        2. Scattering by an Atom
                          1. The Atomic Scattering Factor
                            1. Definition and Dependence on Angle
                              1. Tabulated Values
                              2. Anomalous Scattering
                            2. Diffraction by a Crystal
                              1. The Principle of Diffraction
                                1. Wave Interference
                                  1. Path Difference
                                  2. Constructive and Destructive Interference
                                    1. Conditions for Constructive Interference
                                      1. Conditions for Destructive Interference
                                      2. Bragg's Law
                                        1. Derivation and Interpretation
                                          1. Geometric Representation
                                            1. Applications in Crystallography
                                              1. Limitations and Assumptions
                                              2. Miller Indices
                                                1. Definition and Notation
                                                  1. Indexing Crystal Planes
                                                    1. Relationship to Lattice Planes
                                                  2. The Reciprocal Lattice
                                                    1. Definition and Construction
                                                      1. Reciprocal Lattice Vectors
                                                        1. Relationship to Direct Lattice
                                                        2. Mathematical Transformations
                                                          1. Real-Space to Reciprocal-Space Conversion
                                                            1. Physical Interpretation
                                                            2. The Ewald Sphere Construction
                                                              1. Geometric Representation
                                                                1. Significance in Data Collection
                                                                2. Visualizing Diffraction in Reciprocal Space
                                                                  1. Diffraction Patterns and Spots
                                                                    1. Zone Axes and Layer Lines
                                                                  2. The Structure Factor
                                                                    1. Mathematical Formulation
                                                                      1. Definition and Equation
                                                                        1. Dependence on Atomic Positions and Scattering Factors
                                                                        2. Amplitude and Phase
                                                                          1. Physical Meaning
                                                                            1. Importance in Structure Determination
                                                                            2. Relationship to Electron Density
                                                                              1. Fourier Transform Principles
                                                                                1. Calculation of Electron Density Maps
                                                                                2. Systematic Absences and Space Group Determination
                                                                                  1. Origin of Systematic Absences
                                                                                    1. Use in Identifying Space Groups