Wireless Communication

5.

Mobility and Upper Layer Protocols

5.1.

Mobility Management

5.1.1.

Mobility Scenarios

5.1.1.1.

Terminal Mobility

5.1.1.2.

Personal Mobility

5.1.1.3.

Service Mobility

5.1.2.

Mobile IP Architecture

5.1.2.1.

Home Agent Functions

5.1.2.2.

Foreign Agent Functions

5.1.2.3.

Mobile Node Operations

5.1.3.

Mobile IP Procedures

5.1.3.1.

Agent Discovery

5.1.3.1.1.

Agent Advertisement

5.1.3.1.2.

Agent Solicitation

5.1.3.2.

Registration Process

5.1.3.2.1.

Registration Request

5.1.3.2.2.

Registration Reply

5.1.3.3.

Packet Delivery

5.1.3.3.1.

Triangular Routing

5.1.3.3.2.

Route Optimization

5.1.4.

Tunneling Mechanisms

5.1.4.1.

IP-in-IP Encapsulation

5.1.4.2.

Minimal Encapsulation

5.1.4.3.

Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)

5.1.5.

Mobile IPv6 Enhancements

5.1.5.1.

Route Optimization

5.1.5.2.

Neighbor Discovery

5.1.5.3.

Binding Updates

5.2.

Transport Layer Adaptations

5.2.1.

TCP Challenges in Wireless Networks

5.2.1.1.

High Bit Error Rates

5.2.1.2.

Bandwidth Variability

5.2.1.3.

Intermittent Connectivity

5.2.1.4.

Packet Loss Misinterpretation

5.2.1.5.

Variable Round-Trip Times

5.2.2.

TCP Enhancement Solutions

5.2.2.1.

Indirect TCP (I-TCP)

5.2.2.1.1.

Split Connection Architecture

5.2.2.1.2.

Performance Benefits

5.2.2.1.3.

Implementation Challenges

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.1.

Local Retransmission

5.2.2.2.2.

Duplicate Acknowledgment Handling

5.2.2.3.

Mobile TCP (M-TCP)

5.2.2.3.1.

Disconnection Handling

5.2.2.3.2.

Persist Mode Operation

5.2.2.4.

Fast Retransmit and Recovery

5.2.2.5.

Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)

5.2.2.6.

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)

5.2.2.7.

5.2.2.7.1.

Bandwidth Estimation

5.2.2.7.2.

Congestion Control Adaptation

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6. Advanced Topics and Future Trends