Web Application Security

3.

Common Vulnerabilities and Attacks

3.1.

OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks

3.1.1.

Broken Access Control

3.1.1.1.

Insecure Direct Object References

3.1.1.1.1.

Identifying IDOR Vulnerabilities

3.1.1.1.2.

Prevention Techniques

3.1.1.2.

Path Traversal Attacks

3.1.1.2.1.

Directory Traversal Techniques

3.1.1.2.2.

Mitigation Strategies

3.1.1.3.

Privilege Escalation

3.1.1.3.1.

Vertical Privilege Escalation

3.1.1.3.2.

Horizontal Privilege Escalation

3.1.1.4.

Missing Function-Level Access Control

3.1.1.4.1.

Common Scenarios

3.1.1.4.2.

Prevention Methods

3.1.2.

Cryptographic Failures

3.1.2.1.

Sensitive Data Exposure

3.1.2.1.1.

3.1.2.1.2.

Data in Transit

3.1.2.1.3.

Data in Processing

3.1.2.2.

Weak Cryptographic Algorithms

3.1.2.2.1.

Deprecated Algorithms

3.1.2.2.2.

Secure Alternatives

3.1.2.3.

Missing Encryption

3.1.2.3.1.

Identifying Unencrypted Data Flows

3.1.2.3.2.

Enforcing Encryption

3.1.2.4.

Improper Key Management

3.1.2.4.1.

3.1.2.4.2.

3.1.2.4.3.

3.1.2.4.4.

Key Distribution

3.1.3.

Injection Vulnerabilities

3.1.3.1.

3.1.3.1.1.

In-band SQL Injection

3.1.3.1.2.

Blind SQL Injection

3.1.3.1.2.1.

Boolean-based Blind SQLi

3.1.3.1.2.2.

Time-based Blind SQLi

3.1.3.1.3.

Out-of-band SQL Injection

3.1.3.1.4.

Prevention Techniques

3.1.3.2.

NoSQL Injection

3.1.3.2.1.

MongoDB Injection

3.1.3.2.2.

CouchDB Injection

3.1.3.2.3.

Prevention Strategies

3.1.3.3.

OS Command Injection

3.1.3.3.1.

Command Execution Risks

3.1.3.3.2.

Input Validation Techniques

3.1.3.4.

Cross-Site Scripting

3.1.3.4.1.

3.1.3.4.2.

3.1.3.4.3.

3.1.3.4.4.

XSS Prevention Methods

3.1.3.5.

3.1.3.5.1.

LDAP Query Manipulation

3.1.3.5.2.

Mitigation Approaches

3.1.3.6.

Template Injection

3.1.3.6.1.

Server-Side Template Injection

3.1.3.6.2.

Client-Side Template Injection

3.1.4.

Insecure Design

3.1.4.1.

Lack of Threat Modeling

3.1.4.1.1.

Threat Identification

3.1.4.1.2.

Integration into SDLC

3.1.4.2.

Insecure Business Logic

3.1.4.2.1.

Business Logic Abuse

3.1.4.2.2.

Logic Flaw Examples

3.1.4.3.

Architectural Security Flaws

3.1.4.3.1.

Trust Boundaries

3.1.4.3.2.

Data Flow Issues

3.1.5.

Security Misconfiguration

3.1.5.1.

Unnecessary Features Enabled

3.1.5.1.1.

Default Services

3.1.5.1.2.

Unused Ports and Services

3.1.5.2.

Default Accounts and Passwords

3.1.5.2.1.

Risks of Default Credentials

3.1.5.2.2.

Remediation Steps

3.1.5.3.

Verbose Error Messages

3.1.5.3.1.

Information Disclosure Risks

3.1.5.3.2.

Error Handling Best Practices

3.1.5.4.

Improper File and Directory Permissions

3.1.5.4.1.

Principle of Least Privilege

3.1.5.4.2.

Secure File Storage

3.1.5.5.

Missing Security Headers

3.1.5.5.1.

Required Security Headers

3.1.5.5.2.

Implementation Guidelines

3.1.6.

Vulnerable and Outdated Components

3.1.6.1.

Components with Known Vulnerabilities

3.1.6.1.1.

Vulnerability Databases

3.1.6.1.2.

Component Inventory Management

3.1.6.2.

Unpatched Systems and Libraries

3.1.6.2.1.

Patch Management Processes

3.1.6.2.2.

Update Strategies

3.1.6.3.

Dependency Management Risks

3.1.6.3.1.

Dependency Trees

3.1.6.3.2.

Supply Chain Security

3.1.7.

Identification and Authentication Failures

3.1.7.1.

Weak Password Policies

3.1.7.1.1.

Password Complexity Requirements

3.1.7.1.2.

Password Expiration Policies

3.1.7.2.

Brute-Force Attacks

3.1.7.2.1.

Detection Methods

3.1.7.2.2.

Prevention Techniques

3.1.7.3.

Credential Stuffing Attacks

3.1.7.3.1.

Attack Mechanisms

3.1.7.3.2.

Defense Strategies

3.1.7.4.

Session Hijacking

3.1.7.4.1.

Session Token Theft

3.1.7.4.2.

Secure Session Management

3.1.7.5.

Missing Multi-Factor Authentication

3.1.7.5.1.

MFA Implementation

3.1.7.5.2.

Usability Considerations

3.1.8.

Software and Data Integrity Failures

3.1.8.1.

Insecure Deserialization

3.1.8.1.1.

Exploitation Techniques

3.1.8.1.2.

Safe Serialization Practices

3.1.8.2.

Software Update Tampering

3.1.8.2.1.

Secure Update Channels

3.1.8.2.2.

3.1.8.3.

3.1.8.3.1.

Integrity Verification

3.1.8.3.2.

Hashing and Checksums

3.1.9.

Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

3.1.9.1.

Insufficient Logging

3.1.9.1.1.

3.1.9.1.2.

Log Retention Policies

3.1.9.2.

Lack of Alerting and Response

3.1.9.2.1.

Real-Time Monitoring

3.1.9.2.2.

Incident Response Integration

3.1.9.3.

Ineffective Log Correlation

3.1.9.3.1.

Log Aggregation

3.1.9.3.2.

SIEM Integration

3.1.10.

Server-Side Request Forgery

3.1.10.1.

Bypassing Network Controls

3.1.10.1.1.

Firewall Bypass Techniques

3.1.10.1.2.

ACL Circumvention

3.1.10.2.

Internal Service Interaction

3.1.10.2.1.

Metadata Service Exploitation

3.1.10.2.2.

Lateral Movement

3.1.10.3.

Data Exfiltration Techniques

3.1.10.3.1.

Outbound Request Abuse

3.1.10.3.2.

SSRF Prevention Methods

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4. Authentication and Session Management