Steganography

  1. Steganographic Techniques by Carrier Medium
    1. Image Steganography
      1. Image File Formats
        1. Bitmap (BMP)
          1. Uncompressed Format Advantages
            1. Color Depth Considerations
              1. File Size Implications
              2. JPEG
                1. Compression Algorithm Impact
                  1. Quantization Effects
                    1. DCT Coefficient Manipulation
                    2. PNG
                      1. Lossless Compression Benefits
                        1. Transparency Channel Usage
                          1. Palette vs. True Color
                          2. GIF
                            1. Palette-Based Limitations
                              1. Animation Frame Embedding
                                1. Color Table Manipulation
                                2. TIFF
                                  1. Multi-Page Documents
                                    1. Metadata Embedding
                                    2. WebP
                                      1. Modern Format Considerations
                                        1. Compression Efficiency
                                      2. Spatial Domain Methods
                                        1. Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion
                                          1. Single-Bit LSB
                                            1. Basic Algorithm
                                              1. Implementation Details
                                                1. Capacity Analysis
                                                2. Multi-Bit LSB
                                                  1. Extended Capacity
                                                    1. Quality Degradation
                                                      1. Detection Vulnerability
                                                      2. Sequential vs. Random Embedding
                                                        1. Color Channel Selection
                                                        2. LSB Matching
                                                          1. Randomization Techniques
                                                            1. Statistical Security Improvement
                                                              1. Implementation Complexity
                                                              2. Pixel Value Differencing (PVD)
                                                                1. Edge Detection and Embedding
                                                                  1. Smooth vs. Edge Regions
                                                                    1. Adaptive Capacity Allocation
                                                                    2. Palette-Based Techniques
                                                                      1. Color Table Manipulation
                                                                        1. Index Reordering
                                                                          1. Palette Optimization
                                                                          2. Histogram Shifting
                                                                            1. Peak Point Selection
                                                                              1. Zero Point Utilization
                                                                                1. Reversible Embedding
                                                                              2. Transform (Frequency) Domain Methods
                                                                                1. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
                                                                                  1. JPEG Compression Embedding
                                                                                    1. AC Coefficient Modification
                                                                                      1. DC Coefficient Preservation
                                                                                        1. Block-Based Processing
                                                                                        2. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
                                                                                          1. Multi-Resolution Embedding
                                                                                            1. Wavelet Coefficient Selection
                                                                                              1. Subband Analysis
                                                                                                1. Haar vs. Daubechies Wavelets
                                                                                                2. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
                                                                                                  1. Frequency Component Modification
                                                                                                    1. Phase vs. Magnitude Embedding
                                                                                                      1. Circular Symmetry Preservation
                                                                                                      2. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
                                                                                                        1. Matrix Decomposition Embedding
                                                                                                          1. Singular Value Modification
                                                                                                            1. Robustness Properties
                                                                                                          2. Other Image-Based Methods
                                                                                                            1. Masking and Filtering
                                                                                                              1. Watermarking vs. Steganography
                                                                                                                1. Perceptual Masking
                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Filtering Applications
                                                                                                                  2. Spread Spectrum
                                                                                                                    1. Noise-Like Signal Embedding
                                                                                                                      1. Pseudo-Random Sequences
                                                                                                                        1. Correlation-Based Detection
                                                                                                                        2. Adaptive Embedding
                                                                                                                          1. Content-Aware Techniques
                                                                                                                            1. Edge and Texture Analysis
                                                                                                                              1. Human Visual System Modeling
                                                                                                                              2. Distortion Minimization
                                                                                                                                1. Syndrome-Trellis Codes
                                                                                                                                  1. Matrix Embedding
                                                                                                                                    1. Wet Paper Codes
                                                                                                                                2. Audio Steganography
                                                                                                                                  1. Audio File Formats
                                                                                                                                    1. WAV
                                                                                                                                      1. Uncompressed PCM Data
                                                                                                                                        1. Sample Rate Considerations
                                                                                                                                          1. Bit Depth Impact
                                                                                                                                          2. MP3
                                                                                                                                            1. Perceptual Coding Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Psychoacoustic Model
                                                                                                                                                1. Bit Reservoir Usage
                                                                                                                                                2. AAC
                                                                                                                                                  1. Advanced Audio Coding
                                                                                                                                                    1. Spectral Band Replication
                                                                                                                                                      1. Parametric Stereo
                                                                                                                                                      2. FLAC
                                                                                                                                                        1. Lossless Compression
                                                                                                                                                          1. Metadata Embedding
                                                                                                                                                          2. OGG Vorbis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Open Source Format
                                                                                                                                                              1. Variable Bit Rate
                                                                                                                                                            2. Basic Methods
                                                                                                                                                              1. Least Significant Bit (LSB) Encoding
                                                                                                                                                                1. Sample-Based Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bit Depth Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stereo Channel Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phase Coding
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phase Spectrum Modification
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Absolute vs. Relative Phase
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Perceptual Transparency
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Spread Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pseudo-Noise Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Correlation Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Access Capability
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frequency Pattern Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hop Timing Synchronization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Interference Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Echo Hiding
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Echo Delay and Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Single vs. Multiple Echoes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Perceptual Echo Threshold
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Perceptual Properties of the Human Auditory System (HAS)
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Masking Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Simultaneous Masking
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal Masking
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Frequency Masking
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Psychoacoustic Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Critical Band Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Masking Threshold Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tonality Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Auditory Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Absolute Threshold of Hearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Just Noticeable Difference
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dynamic Range Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Advanced Audio Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cepstrum Domain Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Linear Predictive Coding Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pitch Period Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Video Steganography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Video File Formats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. AVI
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Container Format Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Codec Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metadata Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. MP4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. MPEG-4 Part 14 Standard
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atom Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Track Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. MPEG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. MPEG-1 and MPEG-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Group of Pictures Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bitstream Syntax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. H.264/AVC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Advanced Video Coding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Network Abstraction Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Slice Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. H.265/HEVC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Efficiency Video Coding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coding Tree Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parallel Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Frame-Based Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Embedding in Intra-frames (I-frames)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Static Frame Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Domain Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transform Domain Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Embedding in Predictive Frames (P-frames and B-frames)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Motion Compensation and Prediction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Residual Data Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reference Frame Dependencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Motion-Based Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Motion Vector Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Altering Motion Data for Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prediction Error Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temporal Consistency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Optical Flow Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dense vs. Sparse Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flow Field Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Compression-Aware Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Quantization Parameter Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rate-Distortion Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Entropy Coding Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Audio Track Steganography in Video
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synchronized Audio-Video Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multi-Channel Audio Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lip-Sync Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Text Steganography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Linguistic Steganography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Syntactic Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Punctuation and Grammar Alteration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sentence Structure Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Word Order Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Semantic Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Synonym Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Paraphrasing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Context-Preserving Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lexical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Abbreviation Usage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spelling Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Capitalization Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Format-Based Steganography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. White Space Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spaces and Tabs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Line Breaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Paragraph Spacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trailing Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Font and Character Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Font Style and Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Character Spacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Line Height Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Unicode Variants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Use of Homoglyphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Visually Similar Characters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Unicode Confusables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Script Mixing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Document Structure Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metadata Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Document Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hidden Comments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Revision History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Template Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Style Sheet Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Macro Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Open-Space Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Social Media Posts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Character Limit Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hashtag Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Emoji Usage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Web Page Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. HTML Comment Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CSS Property Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. JavaScript Variable Names
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Email and Messaging Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Header Field Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. MIME Boundary Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Attachment Naming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Network Protocol Steganography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Network Layers and Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. OSI Model Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physical Layer Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Network Layer Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transport Layer Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Application Layer Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hiding Data in Packet Headers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. TCP/IP Headers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. IP Identification Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. IP Options Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. TCP Sequence Numbers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. TCP Window Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. TCP Options
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. ICMP Packets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Echo Request/Reply Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Error Message Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timestamp Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. UDP Headers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Source/Destination Port Usage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Checksum Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Covert Timing Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Packet Timing Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inter-Packet Delay Encoding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Jitter Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Timing Pattern Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Rate-Based Encoding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transmission Rate Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Burst Pattern Encoding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Covert Storage Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Unused or Reserved Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protocol Padding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reserved Bit Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vendor-Specific Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Protocol Violations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-Standard Field Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Unexpected Combinations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Application Protocol Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. HTTP Header Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. DNS Query Encoding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Email Protocol Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. File Transfer Protocol Usage

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Historical Overview of Steganography

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Steganalysis: The Art of Detection