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Economics
Foundational Economics
Statistics for Economics
1. Introduction to Statistics in Economics
2. Descriptive Statistics for Economic Data
3. Probability Theory for Economic Analysis
4. Sampling Theory and Statistical Inference
5. Hypothesis Testing in Economics
6. Simple Linear Regression Analysis
7. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
8. Advanced Regression Topics
9. Index Numbers in Economic Analysis
10. Time Series Analysis for Economics
Simple Linear Regression Analysis
The Simple Linear Regression Model
Model Specification
Population Regression Function
Sample Regression Function
Dependent and Independent Variables
Error Term and Disturbances
Ordinary Least Squares Estimation
Principle of Least Squares
Derivation of OLS Estimators
Normal Equations
Interpretation of Coefficients
Intercept Parameter
Slope Parameter
Fitted Values and Residuals
Classical Linear Regression Model Assumptions
Linearity in Parameters
Random Sampling
Sample Variation in Explanatory Variable
Zero Conditional Mean
Homoskedasticity
No Serial Correlation
Normality of Error Terms
Properties of OLS Estimators
Gauss-Markov Theorem
Best Linear Unbiased Estimators
Unbiasedness
Efficiency
Consistency
Goodness of Fit Measures
Total Sum of Squares
Explained Sum of Squares
Residual Sum of Squares
Coefficient of Determination
Adjusted R-Squared
Standard Error of Regression
Statistical Inference in Simple Regression
Sampling Distributions of OLS Estimators
Standard Errors of Coefficients
t-Tests for Individual Coefficients
Confidence Intervals for Coefficients
Testing Linear Restrictions
Prediction and Forecasting
Point Predictions
Prediction Intervals
Confidence Intervals for Mean Response
Forecast Accuracy Measures
Residual Analysis
Properties of OLS Residuals
Residual Plots
Detecting Assumption Violations
Outlier Detection
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7. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis