Statistics

  1. Data Collection and Sampling
    1. Methods of Data Collection
      1. Surveys and Questionnaires
        1. Design of Questions
          1. Open-ended Questions
            1. Closed-ended Questions
              1. Question Wording
                1. Question Sequencing
                2. Administration Methods
                  1. Face-to-face Interviews
                    1. Telephone Surveys
                      1. Mail Surveys
                        1. Online Surveys
                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                          1. Cost Considerations
                            1. Response Rates
                              1. Data Quality Issues
                            2. Observational Studies
                              1. Types of Observation
                                1. Direct Observation
                                  1. Indirect Observation
                                    1. Participant Observation
                                    2. Structured vs. Unstructured Observation
                                      1. Observation Protocols
                                        1. Recording Methods
                                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                                          1. Objectivity Issues
                                            1. Observer Effects
                                          2. Experiments
                                            1. Experimental vs. Control Groups
                                              1. Treatment Groups
                                                1. Placebo Groups
                                                2. Random Assignment
                                                  1. Methods of Randomization
                                                    1. Importance for Causality
                                                    2. Blinding and Double-Blinding
                                                      1. Single-blind Studies
                                                        1. Double-blind Studies
                                                          1. Triple-blind Studies
                                                      2. Sampling Techniques
                                                        1. Probability Sampling
                                                          1. Simple Random Sampling
                                                            1. Random Number Tables
                                                              1. Computer-generated Random Numbers
                                                                1. Steps in Implementation
                                                                  1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                  2. Stratified Sampling
                                                                    1. Definition of Strata
                                                                      1. Proportional vs. Disproportional Stratification
                                                                        1. Allocation Methods
                                                                          1. Efficiency Gains
                                                                          2. Cluster Sampling
                                                                            1. One-Stage vs. Two-Stage Clustering
                                                                              1. Multi-stage Sampling
                                                                                1. When to Use
                                                                                  1. Design Effects
                                                                                  2. Systematic Sampling
                                                                                    1. Determining Sampling Interval
                                                                                      1. Starting Point Selection
                                                                                        1. Potential Pitfalls
                                                                                          1. Periodicity Issues
                                                                                        2. Non-Probability Sampling
                                                                                          1. Convenience Sampling
                                                                                            1. Selection Process
                                                                                              1. Limitations
                                                                                                1. Generalizability Issues
                                                                                                2. Quota Sampling
                                                                                                  1. Setting Quotas
                                                                                                    1. Implementation
                                                                                                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                      2. Judgmental Sampling
                                                                                                        1. Expert Selection
                                                                                                          1. Use Cases
                                                                                                            1. Bias Concerns
                                                                                                            2. Snowball Sampling
                                                                                                              1. Chain Referral Process
                                                                                                                1. Applications in Hard-to-Reach Populations
                                                                                                                  1. Network Effects
                                                                                                              2. Bias in Data Collection
                                                                                                                1. Sampling Bias
                                                                                                                  1. Selection Bias
                                                                                                                    1. Coverage Bias
                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                        1. Effects on Results
                                                                                                                        2. Non-response Bias
                                                                                                                          1. Unit Non-response
                                                                                                                            1. Item Non-response
                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                1. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                2. Response Bias
                                                                                                                                  1. Social Desirability Bias
                                                                                                                                    1. Acquiescence Bias
                                                                                                                                      1. Recall Bias
                                                                                                                                        1. Leading Questions
                                                                                                                                        2. Observer Bias
                                                                                                                                          1. Expectation Bias
                                                                                                                                            1. Recording Errors
                                                                                                                                              1. Minimizing Observer Bias

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                                                                                                                                          1. Introduction to Statistics

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                                                                                                                                          3. Descriptive Statistics: Organizing and Summarizing Data