Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

2.

Soil Physics and Properties

2.1.

Soil Formation Processes

2.1.1.

Physical Weathering

2.1.2.

Chemical Weathering

2.1.3.

Biological Weathering

2.1.4.

Parent Material Types

2.1.5.

Climate Influence

2.1.6.

2.1.7.

Topographic Effects

2.2.

Soil Profile Development

2.2.1.

Horizon Formation

2.2.2.

Profile Characteristics

2.2.3.

Soil Genesis Factors

2.2.4.

Classification Implications

2.3.

Soil Composition

2.3.1.

Mineral Components

2.3.2.

2.3.3.

2.3.4.

2.3.5.

Living Organisms

2.4.

2.4.1.

Particle Size Classes

2.4.2.

2.4.3.

2.4.4.

2.4.5.

Textural Triangle

2.4.6.

Textural Classes

2.4.7.

Field Determination Methods

2.4.8.

Laboratory Analysis

2.5.

2.5.1.

Aggregate Formation

2.5.2.

Structure Types

2.5.3.

Granular Structure

2.5.4.

Blocky Structure

2.5.5.

Platy Structure

2.5.6.

Prismatic Structure

2.5.7.

Massive Structure

2.5.8.

Single Grain Structure

2.5.9.

Structure Stability

2.6.

Soil Density Properties

2.6.1.

Bulk Density Concepts

2.6.2.

Particle Density

2.6.3.

Apparent Specific Gravity

2.6.4.

Measurement Methods

2.6.5.

Factors Affecting Density

2.6.6.

Compaction Effects

2.7.

2.7.1.

2.7.2.

2.7.3.

2.7.4.

Pore Size Distribution

2.7.5.

Pore Continuity

2.7.6.

Measurement Techniques

2.8.

Soil Water Relations

2.8.1.

Soil Moisture States

2.8.2.

2.8.3.

2.8.4.

Permanent Wilting Point

2.8.5.

Available Water Capacity

2.8.6.

Hygroscopic Coefficient

2.9.

Soil Water Potential

2.9.1.

Matric Potential

2.9.2.

Osmotic Potential

2.9.3.

Gravitational Potential

2.9.4.

Pressure Potential

2.9.5.

Total Water Potential

2.10.

Soil Water Measurement

2.10.1.

Gravimetric Method

2.10.2.

Volumetric Method

2.10.3.

2.10.4.

Electrical Resistance Blocks

2.10.5.

Time Domain Reflectometry

2.10.6.

Neutron Scattering

2.11.

Soil Water Retention

2.11.1.

Water Retention Curves

2.11.2.

Hysteresis Effects

2.11.3.

Factors Affecting Retention

2.11.4.

Mathematical Models

2.12.

Soil Hydraulic Properties

2.12.1.

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

2.12.2.

Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity

2.12.3.

Measurement Methods

2.12.4.

Constant Head Permeameter

2.12.5.

Falling Head Permeameter

2.12.6.

2.12.7.

Factors Affecting Conductivity

2.13.

Infiltration Characteristics

2.13.1.

Infiltration Rate

2.13.2.

Infiltration Capacity

2.13.3.

Cumulative Infiltration

2.13.4.

Factors Affecting Infiltration

2.13.5.

Measurement Techniques

2.14.

Soil Classification

2.14.1.

USDA Soil Taxonomy

2.14.2.

Orders and Suborders

2.14.3.

Great Groups and Subgroups

2.14.4.

Families and Series

2.14.5.

FAO World Reference Base

2.14.6.

Local Classification Systems

2.14.7.

Soil Survey Methods

2.14.8.

Soil Mapping Units

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1. Introduction to Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

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3. Principles of Hydrology for Conservation