Rangeland Management

4.

Rangeland Management Practices

4.1.

Grazing Management

4.1.1.

Grazing Management Principles

4.1.1.1.

Intensity of Use

4.1.1.1.1.

4.1.1.1.2.

Moderate Grazing

4.1.1.1.3.

4.1.1.2.

4.1.1.2.1.

Seasonal Timing

4.1.1.2.2.

Phenological Timing

4.1.1.2.3.

Critical Periods

4.1.1.3.

Frequency of Use

4.1.1.3.1.

4.1.1.3.2.

4.1.1.3.3.

4.1.1.4.

Duration of Use

4.1.1.4.1.

4.1.1.4.2.

4.1.1.4.3.

4.1.2.

Grazing Systems

4.1.2.1.

Continuous Grazing

4.1.2.1.1.

System Description

4.1.2.1.2.

4.1.2.1.3.

4.1.2.2.

Rotational Grazing Systems

4.1.2.2.1.

4.1.2.2.2.

Deferred Rotation

4.1.2.2.3.

4.1.2.2.4.

Short Duration Grazing

4.1.2.2.5.

Management Intensive Grazing

4.1.2.3.

Seasonal Grazing Systems

4.1.2.3.1.

Warm Season Use

4.1.2.3.2.

Cool Season Use

4.1.2.3.3.

Dormant Season Use

4.1.2.4.

Specialized Systems

4.1.2.4.1.

Complementary Grazing

4.1.2.4.2.

Supplemental Grazing

4.1.2.4.3.

4.1.3.

Livestock Distribution Management

4.1.3.1.

Water Development

4.1.3.1.1.

Well Development

4.1.3.1.2.

Spring Development

4.1.3.1.3.

Pond Construction

4.1.3.1.4.

Pipeline Systems

4.1.3.1.5.

Water Quality Considerations

4.1.3.2.

Salt and Supplement Placement

4.1.3.2.1.

Strategic Placement

4.1.3.2.2.

Supplement Types

4.1.3.2.3.

Feeding Systems

4.1.3.3.

4.1.3.3.1.

Permanent Fencing

4.1.3.3.2.

Temporary Fencing

4.1.3.3.3.

Electric Fencing

4.1.3.3.4.

4.1.3.3.5.

Maintenance Requirements

4.1.3.4.

Herding and Riding

4.1.3.4.1.

Traditional Herding

4.1.3.4.2.

Low-stress Livestock Handling

4.1.3.4.3.

Technology Applications

4.1.4.

Grazing Management Planning

4.1.4.1.

Ranch Planning Process

4.1.4.2.

4.1.4.3.

Seasonal Planning

4.1.4.4.

Drought Planning

4.1.4.5.

4.2.

Vegetation Management

4.2.1.

Treatment Objectives

4.2.1.1.

Forage Improvement

4.2.1.2.

Species Composition Change

4.2.1.3.

Invasive Species Control

4.2.1.4.

Wildlife Habitat Enhancement

4.2.1.5.

Erosion Control

4.2.2.

Prescribed Burning

4.2.2.1.

Fire Ecology Principles

4.2.2.1.1.

4.2.2.1.2.

4.2.2.1.3.

4.2.2.1.4.

Fire-adapted Species

4.2.2.2.

4.2.2.2.1.

Objectives Setting

4.2.2.2.2.

Prescription Development

4.2.2.2.3.

Weather Requirements

4.2.2.2.4.

Safety Planning

4.2.2.3.

Burn Implementation

4.2.2.3.1.

Ignition Techniques

4.2.2.3.2.

4.2.2.3.3.

Monitoring During Burns

4.2.2.4.

Post-burn Management

4.2.2.4.1.

Grazing Deferment

4.2.2.4.2.

Monitoring Recovery

4.2.2.4.3.

Follow-up Treatments

4.2.3.

Mechanical Treatments

4.2.3.1.

Brush Control Methods

4.2.3.1.1.

Roller Chopping

4.2.3.1.2.

4.2.3.1.3.

4.2.3.1.4.

4.2.3.2.

Seeding Preparation

4.2.3.2.1.

Seedbed Preparation

4.2.3.2.2.

4.2.3.2.3.

4.2.3.3.

Equipment Selection

4.2.3.3.1.

Tractor-mounted Equipment

4.2.3.3.2.

Self-propelled Equipment

4.2.3.3.3.

4.2.3.4.

Safety Considerations

4.2.3.4.1.

Equipment Safety

4.2.3.4.2.

Personal Protective Equipment

4.2.3.4.3.

Environmental Hazards

4.2.4.

Chemical Treatments

4.2.4.1.

Herbicide Types

4.2.4.1.1.

Selective Herbicides

4.2.4.1.2.

Non-selective Herbicides

4.2.4.1.3.

Pre-emergence Herbicides

4.2.4.1.4.

Post-emergence Herbicides

4.2.4.2.

Application Methods

4.2.4.2.1.

Broadcast Application

4.2.4.2.2.

4.2.4.2.3.

Cut-stump Treatment

4.2.4.2.4.

Injection Methods

4.2.4.3.

Application Equipment

4.2.4.3.1.

Ground Equipment

4.2.4.3.2.

Aerial Application

4.2.4.3.3.

Hand Application

4.2.4.4.

Environmental Considerations

4.2.4.4.1.

Non-target Effects

4.2.4.4.2.

Water Quality Protection

4.2.4.4.3.

Wildlife Protection

4.2.4.4.4.

Resistance Management

4.2.5.

Biological Control

4.2.5.1.

Classical Biological Control

4.2.5.1.1.

Agent Selection

4.2.5.1.2.

Release Programs

4.2.5.1.3.

Monitoring Programs

4.2.5.2.

Augmentative Biological Control

4.2.5.2.1.

4.2.5.2.2.

Inoculative Releases

4.2.5.3.

Conservation Biological Control

4.2.5.3.1.

Habitat Management

4.2.5.3.2.

Pesticide Reduction

4.2.5.4.

Grazing as Biological Control

4.2.5.4.1.

Targeted Grazing

4.2.5.4.2.

Species-specific Grazing

4.2.5.4.3.

Timing Considerations

4.2.6.

Integrated Vegetation Management

4.2.6.1.

Treatment Combinations

4.2.6.2.

Sequential Treatments

4.2.6.3.

Adaptive Management

4.2.6.4.

Cost-benefit Analysis

4.3.

Seeding and Revegetation

4.3.1.

Site Preparation

4.3.1.1.

Seedbed Preparation

4.3.1.2.

4.3.1.3.

Soil Amendments

4.3.2.

Species Selection

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

Introduced Species

4.3.2.3.

4.3.2.4.

4.3.3.

Seeding Methods

4.3.3.1.

Broadcast Seeding

4.3.3.2.

4.3.3.3.

4.3.3.4.

4.3.4.

Establishment Management

4.3.4.1.

Grazing Deferment

4.3.4.2.

4.3.4.3.

4.3.4.4.

4.3.5.

Evaluation of Success

4.3.5.1.

Establishment Criteria

4.3.5.2.

Monitoring Protocols

4.3.5.3.

Adaptive Management

4.4.

Riparian and Wetland Management

4.4.1.

Riparian Zone Importance

4.4.1.1.

Ecological Functions

4.4.1.2.

Water Quality Protection

4.4.1.3.

Wildlife Habitat

4.4.1.4.

Erosion Control

4.4.2.

Riparian Assessment

4.4.2.1.

Vegetation Condition

4.4.2.2.

Stream Channel Stability

4.4.2.3.

Water Quality Indicators

4.4.3.

Grazing Management in Riparian Areas

4.4.3.1.

Timing Restrictions

4.4.3.2.

Intensity Limitations

4.4.3.3.

Duration Controls

4.4.3.4.

Exclusion Strategies

4.4.4.

Riparian Restoration

4.4.4.1.

Revegetation Techniques

4.4.4.2.

Bank Stabilization

4.4.4.3.

Channel Restoration

4.4.4.4.

Fence Installation

4.4.5.

Wetland Management

4.4.5.1.

Wetland Functions

4.4.5.2.

Hydrology Management

4.4.5.3.

Vegetation Management

4.4.5.4.

Wildlife Management

4.5.

Wildlife Habitat Management

4.5.1.

Habitat Requirements

4.5.1.1.

4.5.1.2.

Water Resources

4.5.1.3.

Cover Requirements

4.5.1.4.

Space Requirements

4.5.1.5.

Breeding Habitat

4.5.2.

Habitat Management Techniques

4.5.2.1.

Structural Diversity Creation

4.5.2.2.

Edge Management

4.5.2.3.

Patch Size Management

4.5.2.4.

Connectivity Enhancement

4.5.3.

Species-specific Management

4.5.3.1.

Game Species Management

4.5.3.2.

Non-game Species Management

4.5.3.3.

Threatened and Endangered Species

4.5.4.

Integrated Management

4.5.4.1.

Livestock-Wildlife Compatibility

4.5.4.2.

Multiple Species Management

4.5.4.3.

Conflict Resolution

4.5.5.

Habitat Improvement Projects

4.5.5.1.

Water Development

4.5.5.2.

Food Plot Establishment

4.5.5.3.

Nesting Structure Installation

4.5.5.4.

Brush Management

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5. Rangeland Monitoring and Adaptive Management