Portuguese Language Grammar

Portuguese language grammar encompasses the structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in Portuguese. As a Romance language, its framework is characterized by a rich system of verb conjugations across numerous tenses and moods, the use of two distinct verbs for "to be" (*ser* and *estar*), and the classification of nouns by masculine or feminine gender, which dictates agreement with corresponding articles and adjectives. Mastering this grammar involves understanding its nuanced word order, the correct placement of pronouns, and the significant structural and syntactical differences that distinguish its two primary standards: European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese.

1. Introduction to Portuguese Grammar
   1. The Portuguese Language Family
      1. Romance Language Roots
         1. Latin Origins
         2. Evolution from Vulgar Latin
      2. Relationship to Other Romance Languages
         1. Similarities with Spanish
         2. Differences from Spanish
         3. Relationship to French
         4. Relationship to Italian
         5. Relationship to Romanian
      3. Historical Development of Portuguese
         1. Old Portuguese Period
         2. Middle Portuguese Period
         3. Modern Portuguese Period
   2. Core Grammatical Concepts
      1. Parts of Speech Overview
         1. Nouns
         2. Pronouns
         3. Verbs
         4. Adjectives
         5. Adverbs
         6. Prepositions
         7. Conjunctions
         8. Interjections
      2. Noun Gender System
         1. Masculine and Feminine Distinction
         2. Gender Agreement Rules
      3. Verb Conjugation System
         1. Person and Number
         2. Tense and Mood
         3. Regular vs. Irregular Patterns
      4. The Two Verbs for "To Be"
         1. "Ser" for Permanent States
         2. "Estar" for Temporary States
   3. Major Language Variants
      1. European Portuguese
         1. Regional Dialects
         2. Standard European Portuguese
      2. Brazilian Portuguese
         1. Regional Variations
         2. Standard Brazilian Portuguese
      3. African Portuguese Varieties
         1. Lusophone African Countries
         2. Distinctive Features
   4. Phonetics and Orthography
      1. The Portuguese Alphabet
         1. Letters and Names
         2. Diacritical Marks
            1. Acute Accent
            2. Circumflex Accent
            3. Grave Accent
            4. Cedilla
            5. Tilde
      2. Vowel System
         1. Oral Vowels
         2. Nasal Vowels
      3. Consonant System
         1. Consonant Inventory
         2. Consonant Clusters
      4. Nasal Sounds
         1. Nasal Vowels
         2. Nasal Diphthongs
      5. Diphthongs and Triphthongs
         1. Common Diphthongs
         2. Common Triphthongs
      6. Syllabification
         1. Syllable Division Rules
         2. Open and Closed Syllables
      7. Stress and Accentuation
         1. Rules for Word Stress
         2. Orthographic Accent Marks
         3. Spelling Reform Changes