Plastic Waste Management

9.

Environmental Fate and Impacts

9.1.

Plastic Debris Classification

9.1.1.

9.1.2.

9.1.2.1.

Primary Microplastics

9.1.2.2.

Secondary Microplastics

9.1.3.

9.2.

Environmental Distribution

9.2.1.

Marine Environments

9.2.1.1.

Ocean Accumulation

9.2.1.2.

Coastal Pollution

9.2.1.3.

Deep Sea Distribution

9.2.2.

Freshwater Systems

9.2.2.1.

River Transport

9.2.2.2.

Lake Accumulation

9.2.3.

Terrestrial Environments

9.2.3.1.

Soil Contamination

9.2.3.2.

Agricultural Impact

9.2.4.

Atmospheric Transport

9.2.4.1.

Airborne Particles

9.2.4.2.

Long-Range Transport

9.3.

Ecological Impacts

9.3.1.

Wildlife Effects

9.3.1.1.

9.3.1.2.

9.3.1.3.

Habitat Disruption

9.3.2.

Food Web Impacts

9.3.2.1.

Bioaccumulation

9.3.2.2.

Biomagnification

9.3.2.3.

Trophic Transfer

9.3.3.

Ecosystem Services

9.3.3.1.

Pollination Disruption

9.3.3.2.

Soil Function Impact

9.4.

Human Health Implications

9.4.1.

Exposure Pathways

9.4.2.

Toxicological Effects

9.4.3.

Food Chain Contamination

9.4.4.

Occupational Exposure

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10. Policy and Regulatory Frameworks