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Chemistry
Specialized Chemistry
Photochemistry
1. Introduction to Photochemistry
2. Fundamental Principles of Light and Matter
3. Molecular Electronic Structure
4. Light Absorption by Molecules
5. Photophysical Processes
6. Photochemical Reaction Types
7. Energy and Electron Transfer Processes
8. Photochemical Kinetics and Mechanisms
9. Experimental Methods in Photochemistry
10. Applications in Biological Systems
11. Environmental Photochemistry
12. Synthetic Applications
13. Materials Science Applications
14. Energy Applications
15. Medical and Therapeutic Applications
16. Advanced Topics and Future Directions
4.
Light Absorption by Molecules
4.1.
Beer-Lambert Law
4.1.1.
Mathematical Formulation
4.1.2.
Absorbance and Transmittance
4.1.3.
Path Length Dependence
4.1.4.
Concentration Dependence
4.1.5.
Limitations and Deviations
4.1.5.1.
High Concentration Effects
4.1.5.2.
Scattering Effects
4.1.5.3.
Fluorescence Effects
4.1.5.4.
Chemical Reactions
4.2.
Molar Absorptivity
4.2.1.
Definition and Units
4.2.2.
Factors Affecting Absorptivity
4.2.3.
Relationship to Transition Probability
4.2.4.
Typical Values for Different Transitions
4.3.
Chromophores and Light Absorption
4.3.1.
Definition of Chromophores
4.3.2.
Common Chromophoric Groups
4.3.2.1.
Carbonyl Group
4.3.2.2.
Aromatic Systems
4.3.2.3.
Conjugated Systems
4.3.2.4.
Azo Groups
4.3.2.5.
Nitro Groups
4.3.3.
Auxochromes
4.3.3.1.
Definition and Role
4.3.3.2.
Bathochromic Shift
4.3.3.3.
Hypsochromic Shift
4.3.3.4.
Hyperchromic Effect
4.3.3.5.
Hypochromic Effect
4.4.
Selection Rules for Electronic Transitions
4.4.1.
Spin Selection Rule
4.4.2.
Orbital Symmetry Selection Rule
4.4.3.
Laporte Selection Rule
4.4.4.
Vibronic Coupling
4.4.5.
Forbidden and Allowed Transitions
4.5.
Franck-Condon Principle
4.5.1.
Vertical Transitions
4.5.2.
Vibrational Overlap Integrals
4.5.3.
Franck-Condon Factors
4.5.4.
Mirror Image Rule
4.5.5.
Implications for Spectral Shape
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3. Molecular Electronic Structure
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5. Photophysical Processes