Nucleic Acids Biochemistry

  1. Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
    1. Nucleotides: The Monomeric Units
      1. Nucleosides
        1. Nitrogenous Bases
          1. Purines
            1. Adenine Structure and Properties
              1. Guanine Structure and Properties
                1. Purine Ring System
                2. Pyrimidines
                  1. Cytosine Structure and Properties
                    1. Thymine Structure and Properties
                      1. Uracil Structure and Properties
                        1. Pyrimidine Ring System
                        2. Base Modifications
                          1. Methylated Bases
                            1. Pseudouridine
                              1. Inosine
                                1. Other Modified Bases
                              2. Pentose Sugars
                                1. Deoxyribose Structure
                                  1. Chemical Formula
                                    1. Stereochemistry
                                      1. Hydroxyl Group Positions
                                      2. Ribose Structure
                                        1. Chemical Formula
                                          1. Stereochemistry
                                            1. Hydroxyl Group Positions
                                            2. Sugar Conformations
                                              1. C2'-endo vs C3'-endo
                                                1. Puckering Effects
                                              2. N-Glycosidic Bond Formation
                                                1. Bond Formation Mechanism
                                                  1. Anomeric Configuration
                                                    1. Hydrolysis Susceptibility
                                                  2. Phosphate Groups
                                                    1. Mono-, Di-, and Triphosphates
                                                      1. Nucleoside Monophosphates
                                                        1. Nucleoside Diphosphates
                                                          1. Nucleoside Triphosphates
                                                            1. Energy Content
                                                            2. Phosphoester Bonds
                                                              1. 3'-5' Phosphodiester Linkage
                                                                1. Bond Formation
                                                                  1. Hydrolysis Properties
                                                                  2. Phosphoanhydride Bonds
                                                                    1. High-Energy Bonds
                                                                      1. ATP Structure
                                                                        1. Energy Release Mechanisms
                                                                      2. Nomenclature of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
                                                                        1. Naming Conventions
                                                                          1. Base Names
                                                                            1. Nucleoside Names
                                                                              1. Nucleotide Names
                                                                              2. Abbreviations and Symbols
                                                                                1. Single Letter Codes
                                                                                  1. Three Letter Codes
                                                                                    1. Phosphorylation State Notation
                                                                                2. Chemical Properties of Nucleotides
                                                                                  1. Acid-Base Properties
                                                                                    1. pKa Values
                                                                                      1. Ionization States
                                                                                        1. pH Effects on Structure
                                                                                        2. Tautomerism
                                                                                          1. Keto-Enol Tautomers
                                                                                            1. Amino-Imino Tautomers
                                                                                              1. Biological Significance
                                                                                              2. UV Absorption Properties
                                                                                                1. Absorption Maxima
                                                                                                  1. Extinction Coefficients
                                                                                                    1. Hyperchromic Effect
                                                                                                      1. Applications in Quantification
                                                                                                      2. Solubility Properties
                                                                                                        1. Water Solubility
                                                                                                          1. Organic Solvent Behavior
                                                                                                            1. Salt Effects

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                                                                                                        1. Introduction to Nucleic Acids

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                                                                                                        3. Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)