Music and Artificial Intelligence

Music and Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary field that applies machine learning and computational methods to analyze, generate, and interact with musical content. This encompasses a wide range of applications, from algorithmic composition that creates novel pieces in various styles and music information retrieval (MIR) for classifying genre and mood, to powering the personalized recommendation engines of streaming services and developing interactive systems capable of performing or improvising alongside human musicians. By learning complex patterns from vast datasets of audio and scores, AI is fundamentally changing how music is created, discovered, and experienced.

1. Foundations of Music and AI
   1. Core Musical Concepts for Computation
      1. Pitch and Melody
         1. Pitch Representation
            1. Frequency in Hertz
            2. MIDI Note Numbers
            3. Scientific Pitch Notation
            4. Cents and Microtonal Systems
         2. Melodic Contour
            1. Ascending and Descending Patterns
            2. Stepwise Motion
            3. Leaping Motion
            4. Contour Analysis Algorithms
         3. Interval Analysis
            1. Unison
            2. Second
            3. Third
            4. Fourth
            5. Fifth
            6. Sixth
            7. Seventh
            8. Octave
            9. Interval Quality
               1. Major
               2. Minor
               3. Perfect
               4. Augmented
               5. Diminished
            10. Interval Detection Algorithms
         4. Scale and Mode Recognition
            1. Major Scales
            2. Natural Minor Scales
            3. Harmonic Minor Scales
            4. Melodic Minor Scales
            5. Modal Scales
               1. Dorian
               2. Phrygian
               3. Lydian
               4. Mixolydian
               5. Aeolian
               6. Locrian
            6. Pentatonic Scales
            7. Chromatic Scales
            8. Scale Detection Algorithms
      2. Rhythm and Timing
         1. Beat and Pulse
            1. Beat Definition
            2. Pulse Detection
            3. Beat Tracking Algorithms
            4. Metrical Hierarchy
         2. Meter and Time Signatures
            1. Simple Meter
            2. Compound Meter
            3. Irregular Meter
            4. Mixed Meter
            5. Time Signature Recognition
         3. Tempo
            1. Beats Per Minute
            2. Tempo Estimation Techniques
            3. Tempo Variability
            4. Rubato
            5. Accelerando and Ritardando
         4. Rhythmic Patterns
            1. Note Values
            2. Rest Values
            3. Dotted Rhythms
            4. Tuplets
            5. Pattern Extraction
            6. Syncopation
            7. Polyrhythms
            8. Cross-rhythms
         5. Quantization
            1. Grid-based Quantization
            2. Swing Quantization
            3. Groove Quantization
            4. Humanization
      3. Harmony and Tonality
         1. Chord Theory
            1. Triads
               1. Major Triads
               2. Minor Triads
               3. Diminished Triads
               4. Augmented Triads
            2. Seventh Chords
               1. Major Seventh
               2. Minor Seventh
               3. Dominant Seventh
               4. Half-Diminished Seventh
               5. Fully Diminished Seventh
            3. Extended Chords
               1. Ninth Chords
               2. Eleventh Chords
               3. Thirteenth Chords
            4. Altered Chords
            5. Chord Voicings
            6. Chord Inversions
         2. Chord Progressions
            1. Diatonic Progressions
            2. Common Progressions
               1. I-IV-V-I
               2. ii-V-I
               3. vi-IV-I-V
            3. Circle of Fifths Progressions
            4. Functional Harmony
               1. Tonic Function
               2. Subdominant Function
               3. Dominant Function
            5. Progression Detection Algorithms
            6. Voice Leading
         3. Key and Tonality
            1. Key Signatures
            2. Major Keys
            3. Minor Keys
            4. Relative Keys
            5. Parallel Keys
            6. Key Detection Methods
            7. Modulation
               1. Common Chord Modulation
               2. Chromatic Modulation
               3. Enharmonic Modulation
            8. Key Changes
            9. Tonal Center Identification
         4. Non-Tonal Systems
            1. Atonality
            2. Twelve-Tone Technique
            3. Set Theory
            4. Pitch Class Sets
      4. Musical Form and Structure
         1. Motivic Development
            1. Motif Identification
            2. Theme Recognition
            3. Motivic Transformation
               1. Sequence
               2. Inversion
               3. Retrograde
               4. Augmentation
               5. Diminution
         2. Phrase Structure
            1. Antecedent and Consequent
            2. Period Structure
            3. Sentence Structure
            4. Phrase Extension
         3. Sectional Forms
            1. Binary Form
            2. Ternary Form
            3. Rondo Form
            4. Theme and Variations
            5. Sonata Form
         4. Popular Music Forms
            1. Verse-Chorus Form
            2. AABA Form
            3. Twelve-Bar Blues
            4. Thirty-Two Bar Song Form
         5. Repetition and Variation
            1. Exact Repetition
            2. Modified Repetition
            3. Sequential Repetition
            4. Ornamentation
            5. Embellishment
            6. Thematic Development
         6. Section Boundary Detection
            1. Structural Analysis Algorithms
            2. Form Recognition Systems
            3. Loop Detection
      5. Timbre and Instrumentation
         1. Acoustic Properties of Sound
            1. Fundamental Frequency
            2. Harmonics and Overtones
            3. Formants
            4. Envelope Characteristics
               1. Attack
               2. Decay
               3. Sustain
               4. Release
            5. Spectral Properties
               1. Harmonic Content
               2. Inharmonic Content
               3. Spectral Centroid
               4. Spectral Rolloff
               5. Spectral Flatness
               6. Spectral Brightness
         2. Instrument Classification
            1. Strings
               1. Bowed Strings
               2. Plucked Strings
               3. Struck Strings
            2. Woodwinds
               1. Single Reed
               2. Double Reed
               3. Flutes
            3. Brass
               1. Lip Reed Instruments
            4. Percussion
               1. Pitched Percussion
               2. Unpitched Percussion
               3. Membranophones
               4. Idiophones
            5. Electronic Instruments
               1. Synthesizers
               2. Samplers
               3. Digital Instruments
         3. Playing Techniques
            1. String Techniques
               1. Arco
               2. Pizzicato
               3. Tremolo
               4. Harmonics
            2. Wind Techniques
               1. Legato
               2. Staccato
               3. Flutter Tonguing
               4. Multiphonics
            3. Extended Techniques
            4. Articulation Markings
         4. Timbre Recognition
            1. Instrument Identification
            2. Timbre Signatures
            3. Multi-instrument Recognition
   2. Digital Representation of Music
      1. Symbolic Representations
         1. MIDI Protocol
            1. MIDI Messages
               1. Note On
               2. Note Off
               3. Control Change
               4. Program Change
               5. Pitch Bend
               6. Aftertouch
            2. MIDI Channels
            3. MIDI Tracks
            4. MIDI Files
               1. Type 0
               2. Type 1
               3. Type 2
            5. Note Velocities
            6. Timing Resolution
         2. MusicXML
            1. Score Information
            2. Part Structure
            3. Measure Organization
            4. Note Representation
            5. Articulation Encoding
            6. Dynamics Representation
            7. Tempo Markings
            8. Key and Time Signatures
         3. Piano Roll Notation
            1. Grid-based Representation
            2. Note Duration Visualization
            3. Velocity Representation
            4. Editing Capabilities
         4. Other Symbolic Formats
            1. ABC Notation
            2. LilyPond
            3. Kern Format
            4. MEI Format
            5. Humdrum Toolkit
      2. Audio Representations
         1. Digital Audio Fundamentals
            1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
            2. Sampling Theory
            3. Nyquist Theorem
            4. Aliasing
            5. Quantization Error
         2. Raw Waveform Representation
            1. Pulse Code Modulation
            2. Sampling Rate
               1. 44.1 kHz
               2. 48 kHz
               3. 96 kHz
               4. 192 kHz
            3. Bit Depth
               1. 16-bit
               2. 24-bit
               3. 32-bit
            4. Channel Configuration
               1. Mono
               2. Stereo
               3. Surround Sound
         3. Time-Domain Analysis
            1. Amplitude Envelope
            2. Zero-Crossing Rate
            3. Energy and Power
            4. Autocorrelation
         4. Frequency-Domain Analysis
            1. Fourier Transform
            2. Discrete Fourier Transform
            3. Fast Fourier Transform
            4. Short-Time Fourier Transform
            5. Spectrograms
               1. Linear Spectrograms
               2. Log-Frequency Spectrograms
               3. Mel Spectrograms
            6. Phase Information
         5. Audio File Formats
            1. Uncompressed Formats
               1. WAV
               2. AIFF
            2. Lossless Compression
               1. FLAC
               2. ALAC
               3. WavPack
            3. Lossy Compression
               1. MP3
               2. AAC
               3. OGG Vorbis
               4. Opus
            4. Compression Algorithms
            5. Perceptual Coding
   3. Fundamental AI and Machine Learning Concepts
      1. Learning Paradigms
         1. Supervised Learning
            1. Training Data Requirements
            2. Labeled Examples
            3. Feature-Target Relationships
            4. Classification Tasks
            5. Regression Tasks
            6. Overfitting and Underfitting
            7. Cross-Validation
         2. Unsupervised Learning
            1. Pattern Discovery
            2. Clustering Algorithms
               1. K-Means
               2. Hierarchical Clustering
               3. DBSCAN
            3. Dimensionality Reduction
               1. Principal Component Analysis
               2. t-SNE
               3. UMAP
            4. Association Rules
         3. Semi-Supervised Learning
            1. Limited Labeled Data
            2. Self-Training
            3. Co-Training
         4. Reinforcement Learning
            1. Agent-Environment Interaction
            2. States and Actions
            3. Reward Functions
            4. Policy Learning
            5. Q-Learning
            6. Policy Gradient Methods
      2. Classical Machine Learning Models
         1. Linear Models
            1. Linear Regression
            2. Logistic Regression
            3. Ridge Regression
            4. Lasso Regression
         2. Tree-Based Methods
            1. Decision Trees
            2. Random Forests
            3. Gradient Boosting
            4. XGBoost
         3. Instance-Based Learning
            1. K-Nearest Neighbors
            2. Distance Metrics
            3. Curse of Dimensionality
         4. Support Vector Machines
            1. Linear SVM
            2. Kernel Trick
            3. Non-Linear SVM
         5. Ensemble Methods
            1. Bagging
            2. Boosting
            3. Stacking
         6. Probabilistic Models
            1. Naive Bayes
            2. Gaussian Mixture Models
            3. Hidden Markov Models
      3. Deep Learning Fundamentals
         1. Artificial Neural Networks
            1. Perceptron
            2. Multi-Layer Perceptron
            3. Universal Approximation Theorem
            4. Network Architecture Design
         2. Training Neural Networks
            1. Backpropagation Algorithm
            2. Gradient Descent
               1. Batch Gradient Descent
               2. Stochastic Gradient Descent
               3. Mini-Batch Gradient Descent
            3. Optimization Algorithms
               1. Adam
               2. RMSprop
               3. AdaGrad
            4. Loss Functions
               1. Mean Squared Error
               2. Cross-Entropy Loss
               3. Hinge Loss
         3. Activation Functions
            1. Sigmoid
            2. Hyperbolic Tangent
            3. Rectified Linear Unit
            4. Leaky ReLU
            5. Swish
            6. GELU
         4. Regularization Techniques
            1. Dropout
            2. Batch Normalization
            3. Layer Normalization
            4. Weight Decay
            5. Early Stopping
      4. Evaluation and Validation
         1. Performance Metrics
            1. Classification Metrics
               1. Accuracy
               2. Precision
               3. Recall
               4. F1-Score
               5. ROC-AUC
            2. Regression Metrics
               1. Mean Absolute Error
               2. Root Mean Square Error
               3. R-squared
         2. Model Selection
            1. Training-Validation-Test Split
            2. K-Fold Cross-Validation
            3. Hyperparameter Tuning
            4. Grid Search
            5. Random Search
            6. Bayesian Optimization
         3. Bias-Variance Tradeoff
            1. Model Complexity
            2. Generalization Error
            3. Learning Curves