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Mathematics
Multivariable Calculus
1. Foundations of Three-Dimensional Space
2. Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves
3. Functions of Several Variables
4. Partial Derivatives
5. Optimization of Multivariable Functions
6. Multiple Integrals
7. Vector Calculus
Vector Calculus
Vector Fields
Definition of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
Gravitational Fields
Electric Fields
Velocity Fields
Visualization of Vector Fields
Gradient Vector Fields
Conservative Vector Fields
Definition and Properties
Potential Functions
Test for Conservative Fields
Line Integrals
Line Integrals of Scalar Functions
Definition and Computation
Applications to Arc Length and Mass
Line Integrals of Vector Fields
Definition and Computation
Work Done by Force Fields
Circulation
Properties of Line Integrals
Independence of Parametrization
Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
Statement of the Theorem
Path Independence
Conservative Vector Fields and Potential Functions
Applications to Physics
Conservative Forces
Conservation of Energy
Green's Theorem
Statement of Green's Theorem
Conditions for Application
Proof Strategy
Applications of Green's Theorem
Evaluating Line Integrals
Computing Areas
Flux and Circulation
Vector Forms of Green's Theorem
Curl and Divergence
The Curl of a Vector Field
Definition in 2D and 3D
Computation of Curl
Physical Interpretation
Curl and Conservative Fields
The Divergence of a Vector Field
Definition and Computation
Physical Interpretation
Divergence and Sources/Sinks
Vector Identities
Curl of Gradient
Divergence of Curl
Other Important Identities
Parametric Surfaces
Parametrization of Surfaces
Examples of Parametric Surfaces
Surfaces of Revolution
Graphs of Functions
Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors
Surface Area
Surface Area Formula
Computing Surface Areas
Surface Integrals
Surface Integrals of Scalar Functions
Definition and Computation
Applications to Mass and Center of Mass
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
Flux Through Surfaces
Definition and Computation
Orientation of Surfaces
Orientable Surfaces
Choosing Normal Vectors
Möbius Strip and Non-orientable Surfaces
Stokes' Theorem
Statement of Stokes' Theorem
Relationship to Green's Theorem
Conditions for Application
Physical Interpretation
Circulation and Curl
Applications of Stokes' Theorem
Divergence Theorem
Statement of the Divergence Theorem
Relationship Between Surface and Volume Integrals
Conditions for Application
Physical Interpretation
Flux and Divergence
Sources and Sinks
Applications of the Divergence Theorem
Unified View of Fundamental Theorems
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals
Green's Theorem
Stokes' Theorem
Divergence Theorem
Common Structure and Generalizations
Higher-Dimensional Analogues
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6. Multiple Integrals
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1. Foundations of Three-Dimensional Space