Mathematical morphology is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, most commonly applied to digital images. Based on set theory, it operates by probing an image with a small, predefined shape known as a structuring element to transform it. The fundamental operations of erosion (shrinking features) and dilation (expanding features), along with their combinations like opening and closing, allow for a wide range of tasks including noise removal, feature extraction, boundary detection, and skeletonization, making it a powerful tool in image processing and computer vision.