Monetary Policy

11.

Contemporary Issues and Future Directions

11.1.

Digital Currencies and Payments

11.1.1.

Central Bank Digital Currencies

11.1.1.1.

Design Considerations

11.1.1.2.

Implementation Challenges

11.1.1.3.

Policy Implications

11.1.2.

Cryptocurrencies

11.1.2.1.

Regulatory Challenges

11.1.2.2.

Monetary Policy Implications

11.1.3.

Payment System Evolution

11.1.3.1.

Real-Time Payments

11.1.3.2.

Cross-Border Payments

11.2.

Climate Change and Monetary Policy

11.2.1.

Physical Risk Considerations

11.2.1.1.

Economic Impact Assessment

11.2.1.2.

Financial Stability Implications

11.2.2.

Transition Risk Management

11.2.2.1.

11.2.2.2.

11.2.3.

Central Bank Role Debate

11.2.3.1.

Mandate Interpretation

11.2.3.2.

Policy Tool Development

11.3.

Financial Technology Impact

11.3.1.

Fintech Innovation

11.3.1.1.

Lending Platforms

11.3.1.2.

Payment Services

11.3.2.

Big Tech in Finance

11.3.2.1.

Systemic Risk Concerns

11.3.2.2.

Regulatory Responses

11.3.3.

Artificial Intelligence Applications

11.3.3.1.

Economic Forecasting

11.3.3.2.

Risk Assessment

11.4.

Demographic and Structural Changes

11.4.1.

Aging Populations

11.4.1.1.

Savings-Investment Imbalances

11.4.1.2.

Natural Rate Effects

11.4.2.

Productivity Growth Trends

11.4.2.1.

Secular Stagnation

11.4.2.2.

R-star Estimation

11.4.3.

Labor Market Evolution

11.4.3.1.

11.4.3.2.

Automation Effects

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10. Historical Perspectives and Evolution

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1. Introduction to Monetary Policy