Medical Physics

  1. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry
    1. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
      1. Deterministic Effects
        1. Threshold Dose Concepts
          1. Dose-Effect Relationships
            1. Examples of Deterministic Effects
              1. Skin Erythema
                1. Cataracts
                  1. Sterility
                    1. Acute Radiation Syndrome
                    2. Organ-Specific Tolerance Doses
                    3. Stochastic Effects
                      1. Cancer Induction
                        1. Linear No-Threshold Model
                          1. Risk Coefficients
                            1. Latency Periods
                            2. Hereditary Effects
                              1. Genetic Risk Estimates
                                1. Doubling Dose Concept
                                2. Age and Gender Dependencies
                                3. Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology
                                  1. DNA Damage Mechanisms
                                    1. Direct Action
                                      1. Indirect Action
                                        1. Free Radical Formation
                                        2. DNA Repair Processes
                                          1. Single-Strand Break Repair
                                            1. Double-Strand Break Repair
                                              1. Repair Fidelity
                                              2. Chromosomal Aberrations
                                                1. Dicentric Chromosomes
                                                  1. Ring Chromosomes
                                                    1. Translocations
                                                    2. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
                                                      1. Apoptosis and Cell Death
                                                    3. Radiation Protection Principles
                                                      1. Justification Principle
                                                        1. Benefit-Risk Analysis
                                                          1. Medical Necessity
                                                            1. Alternative Procedures
                                                            2. Optimization Principle (ALARA)
                                                              1. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
                                                                1. Dose Constraints
                                                                  1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                  2. Dose Limitation Principle
                                                                    1. Annual Dose Limits
                                                                      1. Occupational Limits
                                                                        1. Public Limits
                                                                        2. Organ-Specific Limits
                                                                          1. Special Circumstances
                                                                          2. Protection of Special Populations
                                                                            1. Pregnant Workers
                                                                              1. Minors
                                                                                1. Patients
                                                                              2. Methods of Radiation Protection
                                                                                1. Time Factor
                                                                                  1. Exposure Time Minimization
                                                                                    1. Work Planning
                                                                                      1. Efficiency Optimization
                                                                                      2. Distance Factor
                                                                                        1. Inverse Square Law
                                                                                          1. Minimum Distance Requirements
                                                                                            1. Remote Handling
                                                                                            2. Shielding Design
                                                                                              1. Shielding Materials
                                                                                                1. Lead
                                                                                                  1. Concrete
                                                                                                    1. Steel
                                                                                                      1. Specialized Materials
                                                                                                      2. Shielding Calculations
                                                                                                        1. Primary Barriers
                                                                                                          1. Secondary Barriers
                                                                                                            1. Leakage Radiation
                                                                                                            2. Structural Shielding Design
                                                                                                              1. Workload Factors
                                                                                                                1. Use Factors
                                                                                                                  1. Occupancy Factors
                                                                                                                2. Personal Protective Equipment
                                                                                                                  1. Lead Aprons
                                                                                                                    1. Thyroid Shields
                                                                                                                      1. Lead Gloves
                                                                                                                        1. Protective Eyewear
                                                                                                                      2. Radiation Detection and Measurement
                                                                                                                        1. Dosimetry Instrumentation
                                                                                                                          1. Gas-Filled Detectors
                                                                                                                            1. Ionization Chambers
                                                                                                                              1. Free-Air Chambers
                                                                                                                                1. Pressurized Ion Chambers
                                                                                                                                  1. Thimble Chambers
                                                                                                                                  2. Proportional Counters
                                                                                                                                    1. Geiger-Müller Counters
                                                                                                                                    2. Scintillation Detectors
                                                                                                                                      1. Inorganic Scintillators
                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Scintillators
                                                                                                                                          1. Photomultiplier Tubes
                                                                                                                                          2. Solid-State Detectors
                                                                                                                                            1. Semiconductor Detectors
                                                                                                                                              1. Diamond Detectors
                                                                                                                                                1. MOSFET Detectors
                                                                                                                                                2. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)
                                                                                                                                                  1. TLD Materials
                                                                                                                                                    1. Annealing Procedures
                                                                                                                                                      1. Readout Process
                                                                                                                                                      2. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
                                                                                                                                                        1. OSL Materials
                                                                                                                                                          1. Stimulation and Detection
                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages over TLD
                                                                                                                                                          2. Detector Calibration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Calibration Standards
                                                                                                                                                              1. Traceability Chain
                                                                                                                                                                1. Calibration Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Uncertainty Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Personnel Dosimetry
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dosimeter Types
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Film Badges
                                                                                                                                                                        1. TLD Badges
                                                                                                                                                                          1. OSL Badges
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electronic Personal Dosimeters
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Wearing Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dose Recording and Reporting
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Investigation Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Area Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fixed Monitoring Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Portable Survey Instruments
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Contamination Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Air Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Patient Dosimetry
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Entrance Skin Dose Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Organ Dose Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Effective Dose Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dose Reference Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phantom-Based Dosimetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phantom Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Phantoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solid Phantoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anthropomorphic Phantoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Dosimetry Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Beam Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quality Assurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Research Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Regulatory Framework
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. International Organizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Recommendations and Publications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Risk Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Safety Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Technical Guidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Quantities and Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Measurement Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. National Regulatory Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Agreement State Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Department of Transportation (DOT)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Professional Organizations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Health Physics Society (HPS)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)

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