Machine Learning Fundamentals

  1. The End-to-End Machine Learning Workflow
    1. Problem Formulation and Scoping
      1. Defining Business Objectives
        1. Understanding Stakeholder Needs
          1. Identifying Key Performance Indicators
            1. Setting Realistic Expectations
            2. Translating Objectives into ML Tasks
              1. Problem Type Identification
                1. Success Criteria Definition
                  1. Constraint Analysis
                  2. Identifying Success Metrics
                    1. Business Metrics
                      1. Technical Metrics
                        1. Evaluation Frameworks
                        2. Assessing Feasibility
                          1. Data Availability
                            1. Technical Constraints
                              1. Resource Requirements
                                1. Timeline Considerations
                              2. Data Collection and Integration
                                1. Data Sources
                                  1. Internal Databases
                                    1. External APIs
                                      1. Public Datasets
                                        1. Real-Time Streams
                                        2. Data Acquisition Methods
                                          1. Batch Processing
                                            1. Streaming Data
                                              1. Web Scraping
                                                1. Sensor Data Collection
                                                2. Data Integration Techniques
                                                  1. Data Warehousing
                                                    1. ETL Processes
                                                      1. Data Lakes
                                                        1. Schema Matching
                                                        2. Data Storage and Management
                                                          1. Database Design
                                                            1. Data Versioning
                                                              1. Access Control
                                                                1. Backup Strategies
                                                              2. Data Preprocessing and Preparation
                                                                1. Data Cleaning
                                                                  1. Handling Missing Values
                                                                    1. Imputation Techniques
                                                                      1. Mean/Median Imputation
                                                                        1. Forward/Backward Fill
                                                                          1. Interpolation Methods
                                                                            1. Model-Based Imputation
                                                                            2. Removing Incomplete Records
                                                                              1. Listwise Deletion
                                                                                1. Pairwise Deletion
                                                                                  1. Impact Assessment
                                                                                2. Correcting Inconsistent Data
                                                                                  1. Standardizing Formats
                                                                                    1. Date Formats
                                                                                      1. Text Normalization
                                                                                        1. Unit Conversions
                                                                                        2. Resolving Conflicts
                                                                                          1. Data Validation Rules
                                                                                            1. Conflict Resolution Strategies
                                                                                              1. Quality Scoring
                                                                                            2. Removing Duplicates
                                                                                              1. Exact Duplicates
                                                                                                1. Fuzzy Matching
                                                                                                  1. Record Linkage
                                                                                                2. Data Transformation
                                                                                                  1. Scaling and Normalization
                                                                                                    1. Min-Max Scaling
                                                                                                      1. Range Specification
                                                                                                        1. Outlier Sensitivity
                                                                                                        2. Standardization (Z-score)
                                                                                                          1. Mean Centering
                                                                                                            1. Unit Variance
                                                                                                            2. Robust Scaling
                                                                                                              1. Unit Vector Scaling
                                                                                                              2. Encoding Categorical Variables
                                                                                                                1. One-Hot Encoding
                                                                                                                  1. Binary Representation
                                                                                                                    1. Dimensionality Considerations
                                                                                                                    2. Label Encoding
                                                                                                                      1. Ordinal Relationships
                                                                                                                        1. Numerical Mapping
                                                                                                                        2. Ordinal Encoding
                                                                                                                          1. Rank-Based Encoding
                                                                                                                            1. Custom Ordering
                                                                                                                            2. Target Encoding
                                                                                                                              1. Binary Encoding
                                                                                                                              2. Handling Outliers
                                                                                                                                1. Outlier Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                  1. Outlier Treatment Strategies
                                                                                                                                    1. Impact on Model Performance
                                                                                                                                2. Feature Engineering
                                                                                                                                  1. Feature Creation
                                                                                                                                    1. Deriving New Features
                                                                                                                                      1. Mathematical Transformations
                                                                                                                                        1. Interaction Features
                                                                                                                                          1. Polynomial Features
                                                                                                                                            1. Time-Based Features
                                                                                                                                            2. Domain Knowledge Application
                                                                                                                                              1. Expert Insights
                                                                                                                                                1. Business Rules
                                                                                                                                                  1. Industry Standards
                                                                                                                                                2. Feature Selection
                                                                                                                                                  1. Filter Methods
                                                                                                                                                    1. Correlation Analysis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Chi-Square Test
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mutual Information
                                                                                                                                                          1. Variance Thresholding
                                                                                                                                                          2. Wrapper Methods
                                                                                                                                                            1. Forward Selection
                                                                                                                                                              1. Backward Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                1. Recursive Feature Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                2. Embedded Methods
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regularization-Based Selection
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tree-Based Feature Importance
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Linear Model Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Feature Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Variance Maximization
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dimensionality Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Component Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Other Extraction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Independent Component Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Linear Discriminant Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Model Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Choosing Appropriate Algorithms
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Criteria for Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Problem Type Matching
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Data Size Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Interpretability Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Performance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Comparing Algorithm Suitability
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Algorithm Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Computational Complexity
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Scalability Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Baseline Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Simple Heuristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Random Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Majority Class Prediction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mean/Median Prediction
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Model Training
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Splitting Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Training Set
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Size Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Representative Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Validation Set
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hyperparameter Tuning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Model Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Test Set
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Final Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Unbiased Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Holdout Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Split Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stratified Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Time-Based Splits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. The Training Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fitting the Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parameter Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Loss Function Minimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Convergence Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Monitoring Training Progress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Learning Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Validation Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Training Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Early Stopping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Overfitting Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Patience Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Restoration Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Model Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Assessing Model Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Evaluation Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Task-Specific Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Business-Relevant Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Statistical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Comparing Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Statistical Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cross-Validation Comparison
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ensemble Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Avoiding Data Leakage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temporal Leakage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Feature Leakage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Leakage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hyperparameter Tuning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Optimizing Model Configuration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Grid Search
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exhaustive Search
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Parameter Grids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Computational Cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Random Search
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sampling Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Gains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Convergence Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Bayesian Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gaussian Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acquisition Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sequential Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Evolutionary Algorithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gradient-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Validation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nested Cross-Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hold-Out Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Time Series Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Model Deployment and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Model Serialization and Export
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Model Formats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Version Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dependency Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Deployment Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Batch Deployment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scheduled Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Offline Predictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Batch Scoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Real-Time Deployment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. API Endpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Streaming Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Low-Latency Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Edge Deployment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cloud Deployment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Model Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Performance Tracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Accuracy Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Latency Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Usage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Retraining and Updating Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Trigger Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Automated Retraining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Model Versioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Detecting Model Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Data Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Concept Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Performance Degradation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Supervised Learning: Regression