Machine Learning and Cybersecurity

  1. Data Sources and Preprocessing for Cybersecurity
    1. Security Data Sources
      1. Network Data
        1. Packet Captures (PCAP)
          1. Packet Headers
            1. Payload Analysis
              1. Protocol Decoding
              2. Flow Records
                1. NetFlow
                  1. IPFIX
                    1. sFlow
                    2. Network Logs
                      1. Firewall Logs
                        1. Router Logs
                          1. Switch Logs
                            1. DNS Logs
                              1. DHCP Logs
                              2. Web Traffic Data
                                1. HTTP/HTTPS Logs
                                  1. Proxy Logs
                                    1. Web Application Firewall (WAF) Logs
                                  2. Host-Based Data
                                    1. System Logs
                                      1. Operating System Logs
                                        1. Windows Event Logs
                                          1. Linux Syslog
                                            1. macOS Logs
                                            2. Application Logs
                                              1. Web Server Logs
                                                1. Database Logs
                                                  1. Email Server Logs
                                                2. File System Data
                                                  1. File Metadata
                                                    1. File Hashes
                                                      1. File Access Patterns
                                                        1. Registry Changes (Windows)
                                                        2. Process and Execution Data
                                                          1. Process Creation Events
                                                            1. Command Line Arguments
                                                              1. Process Trees
                                                                1. Memory Dumps
                                                                2. Performance Metrics
                                                                  1. CPU Usage
                                                                    1. Memory Usage
                                                                      1. Disk I/O
                                                                        1. Network I/O
                                                                      2. Security Tool Data
                                                                        1. Antivirus Alerts
                                                                          1. IDS/IPS Alerts
                                                                            1. SIEM Events
                                                                              1. Vulnerability Scan Results
                                                                                1. Penetration Test Results
                                                                                2. Threat Intelligence Data
                                                                                  1. Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)
                                                                                    1. IP Addresses
                                                                                      1. Domain Names
                                                                                        1. File Hashes
                                                                                          1. URLs
                                                                                          2. Threat Actor Information
                                                                                            1. Attack Patterns
                                                                                              1. Vulnerability Databases
                                                                                              2. User and Identity Data
                                                                                                1. Authentication Logs
                                                                                                  1. Access Control Events
                                                                                                    1. User Behavior Data
                                                                                                      1. Privilege Changes
                                                                                                    2. Data Preprocessing Techniques
                                                                                                      1. Data Cleaning
                                                                                                        1. Handling Missing Values
                                                                                                          1. Deletion Methods
                                                                                                            1. Imputation Techniques
                                                                                                              1. Mean/Median Imputation
                                                                                                                1. Forward/Backward Fill
                                                                                                                  1. Interpolation
                                                                                                                2. Outlier Detection and Treatment
                                                                                                                  1. Statistical Methods
                                                                                                                    1. Isolation-Based Methods
                                                                                                                      1. Clustering-Based Methods
                                                                                                                      2. Data Validation
                                                                                                                        1. Format Validation
                                                                                                                          1. Range Validation
                                                                                                                            1. Consistency Checks
                                                                                                                          2. Data Transformation
                                                                                                                            1. Normalization and Standardization
                                                                                                                              1. Min-Max Scaling
                                                                                                                                1. Z-Score Normalization
                                                                                                                                  1. Robust Scaling
                                                                                                                                  2. Encoding Categorical Variables
                                                                                                                                    1. One-Hot Encoding
                                                                                                                                      1. Label Encoding
                                                                                                                                        1. Target Encoding
                                                                                                                                        2. Time Series Processing
                                                                                                                                          1. Timestamp Parsing
                                                                                                                                            1. Time Zone Handling
                                                                                                                                              1. Temporal Aggregation
                                                                                                                                            2. Feature Engineering
                                                                                                                                              1. Network Traffic Features
                                                                                                                                                1. Flow Duration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Packet Size Statistics
                                                                                                                                                    1. Inter-Arrival Times
                                                                                                                                                      1. Protocol Distribution
                                                                                                                                                        1. Port Usage Patterns
                                                                                                                                                        2. Text-Based Features
                                                                                                                                                          1. N-gram Analysis
                                                                                                                                                            1. TF-IDF Vectorization
                                                                                                                                                              1. Word Embeddings
                                                                                                                                                                1. Regular Expression Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                2. Executable File Features
                                                                                                                                                                  1. PE Header Information
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Import/Export Tables
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Section Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Entropy Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Byte Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Temporal Features
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Time-of-Day Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Day-of-Week Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sliding Window Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Feature Selection and Dimensionality Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Filter Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Correlation Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chi-Square Test
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Information Gain
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mutual Information
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wrapper Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Forward Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Backward Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Recursive Feature Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Embedded Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. LASSO Regularization
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tree-Based Feature Importance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dimensionality Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Factor Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Handling Imbalanced Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Understanding Class Imbalance
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Imbalance Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Impact on Model Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sampling Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Undersampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Random Undersampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Edited Nearest Neighbors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Oversampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Random Oversampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. SMOTE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ADASYN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Borderline-SMOTE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hybrid Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Algorithmic Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cost-Sensitive Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ensemble Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Threshold Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Evaluation Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Appropriate Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stratified Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cross-Validation Strategies

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Foundational Concepts

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Core Applications of Machine Learning in Cybersecurity