Useful Links
Business and Management
Finance and Accounting
Investments
Investing
1. Foundations of Investing
2. Preparing to Invest
3. Major Asset Classes
4. Investment Vehicles
5. Security Analysis and Valuation
6. Portfolio Management
7. Investment Strategies and Philosophies
8. Behavioral Finance
9. Advanced Topics and Considerations
Major Asset Classes
Equities (Stocks)
Common Stock
Voting Rights
Proxy Voting
Shareholder Meetings
Dividend Payments
Regular Dividends
Special Dividends
Dividend Reinvestment Plans
Preferred Stock
Dividend Priority
Fixed Dividend Rates
Cumulative vs. Non-Cumulative
Conversion Features
Convertible Preferred
Conversion Ratios
Call Features
Participation Rights
Shareholder Rights and Ownership
Proxy Voting
Voting Procedures
Proxy Statements
Rights Offerings
Subscription Rights
Standby Underwriting
Preemptive Rights
Classifications by Market Capitalization
Large-Cap
Market Cap Range
Characteristics
Mid-Cap
Market Cap Range
Growth Potential
Risk Profile
Small-Cap
Market Cap Range
Volatility Considerations
Research Coverage
Micro-Cap
Market Cap Range
Liquidity Issues
Due Diligence Requirements
Classifications by Style
Growth Stocks
Revenue Growth Rates
Earnings Growth Expectations
Valuation Metrics
Value Stocks
Undervaluation Indicators
Contrarian Opportunities
Value Metrics
Income Stocks
Dividend Yield Focus
Dividend Sustainability
Sector Concentrations
Blend Stocks
Growth and Value Characteristics
Balanced Approach
Stock Market Sectors and Industries
Sector Classification Systems
GICS Sectors
Industry Groups
Major Sectors
Technology
Healthcare
Financial Services
Consumer Discretionary
Consumer Staples
Energy
Utilities
Materials
Industrials
Real Estate
Communication Services
Cyclical vs. Defensive Sectors
International Stocks
Developed Markets
Market Characteristics
Major Exchanges
Currency Considerations
Emerging Markets
Growth Potential
Political Risks
Liquidity Concerns
Frontier Markets
High Risk/High Reward
Limited Access
Risks of International Investing
Currency Risk
Political Risk
Regulatory Risk
Information Risk
Fixed-Income Securities (Bonds)
Anatomy of a Bond
Par Value (Face Value)
Standard Denominations
Repayment at Maturity
Coupon Rate
Fixed vs. Variable Rates
Payment Frequency
Maturity Date
Short-Term Bonds
Intermediate-Term Bonds
Long-Term Bonds
Call and Put Provisions
Call Protection
Put Options
Yield to Call vs. Yield to Maturity
Bond Pricing and Yield
Yield to Maturity (YTM)
Calculation Methods
Assumptions
Current Yield
Annual Income Calculation
Limitations
Yield to Call
Call Date Scenarios
Call Premium Impact
Accrued Interest
Day Count Conventions
Settlement Considerations
Interest Rate Risk
Price Sensitivity
Inverse Relationship
Duration and Convexity
Modified Duration
Effective Duration
Convexity Adjustments
Types of Bonds
Government Bonds
Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
Maturity Terms
Discount Pricing
Treasury Notes (T-Notes)
Maturity Range
Coupon Payments
Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds)
Long-Term Maturities
Interest Rate Sensitivity
Savings Bonds
Series EE Bonds
Series I Bonds
Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
Inflation Adjustments
Real Return Protection
Municipal Bonds
General Obligation Bonds
Full Faith and Credit
Tax Base Support
Revenue Bonds
Project-Specific Revenue
Credit Analysis
Tax Advantages
Federal Tax Exemption
State Tax Considerations
Alternative Minimum Tax
Corporate Bonds
Investment Grade
Credit Rating Requirements
Lower Default Risk
High-Yield Bonds (Junk Bonds)
Higher Coupon Rates
Increased Default Risk
Credit Analysis Importance
Secured vs. Unsecured Bonds
Convertible Bonds
Foreign Bonds
Sovereign Bonds
Corporate International Bonds
Currency Risk Considerations
Credit Ratings and Default Risk
Rating Agencies
Moody's
Standard & Poor's
Fitch
Rating Scales
Investment Grade Ratings
Speculative Grade Ratings
Credit Analysis
Financial Statement Analysis
Industry Analysis
Management Assessment
Real Estate
Direct Ownership
Residential Property
Single-Family Homes
Rental Income Potential
Appreciation Prospects
Maintenance Requirements
Multi-Family Units
Duplex Properties
Apartment Buildings
Cash Flow Analysis
Commercial Property
Office Buildings
Lease Structures
Tenant Quality
Retail Properties
Location Importance
E-commerce Impact
Industrial Properties
Warehouse Facilities
Manufacturing Buildings
Pros and Cons of Direct Ownership
Advantages
Control and Leverage
Tax Benefits
Inflation Hedge
Disadvantages
Illiquidity
Management Requirements
High Transaction Costs
Indirect Ownership
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Equity REITs
Property Ownership
Rental Income Focus
Mortgage REITs
Mortgage Lending
Interest Rate Sensitivity
Hybrid REITs
Combined Strategies
REIT Requirements
Distribution Requirements
Asset Requirements
Real Estate Crowdfunding
Platform-Based Investing
Minimum Investment Requirements
Due Diligence Considerations
Real Estate Mutual Funds and ETFs
Diversification Benefits
Professional Management
Liquidity Advantages
Real Estate Valuation Methods
Comparable Sales Approach
Market Data Analysis
Adjustment Factors
Income Approach
Capitalization Rate Method
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
Cost Approach
Replacement Cost
Depreciation Factors
Commodities
Hard Commodities
Precious Metals
Gold
Store of Value
Inflation Hedge
Safe Haven Asset
Silver
Industrial Applications
Investment Demand
Platinum
Automotive Industry
Supply Constraints
Palladium
Energy
Oil
Crude Oil Types
Geopolitical Factors
Natural Gas
Seasonal Demand
Storage Considerations
Coal
Environmental Concerns
Declining Demand
Base Metals
Copper
Aluminum
Zinc
Soft Commodities
Agricultural Products
Corn
Weather Dependencies
Ethanol Demand
Wheat
Global Production
Food Security
Coffee
Climate Sensitivity
Consumer Demand
Soybeans
Protein Demand
Trade Relationships
Livestock
Cattle
Hogs
Feeder Cattle
Investing in Commodities
Physical Ownership
Storage Costs
Insurance Requirements
Delivery Logistics
Commodity Futures
Futures Contracts
Margin Requirements
Contango and Backwardation
Commodity ETFs and Mutual Funds
Tracking Methods
Roll Yield Considerations
Expense Ratios
Alternative Investments
Hedge Funds
Strategies Used
Long/Short Equity
Market Neutral
Event Driven
Global Macro
Fee Structures
Management Fees
Performance Fees
High Water Marks
Accredited Investor Requirements
Private Equity
Buyouts
Leveraged Buyouts
Management Buyouts
Growth Capital
Investment Process
Due Diligence
Value Creation
Exit Strategies
Illiquidity Considerations
Venture Capital
Early-Stage Investing
Seed Funding
Series A/B/C Rounds
Startup Risks
High Failure Rates
Long Investment Horizons
Portfolio Approach
Collectibles
Art
Authentication Issues
Market Liquidity
Storage and Insurance
Wine
Vintage Considerations
Storage Requirements
Rare Coins
Grading Systems
Numismatic Value
Stamps
Philatelic Markets
Condition Importance
Cryptocurrencies
Bitcoin
Digital Gold Narrative
Limited Supply
Network Security
Ethereum
Smart Contract Platform
Decentralized Applications
Other Digital Assets
Altcoins
Stablecoins
Utility Tokens
Risks and Volatility
Regulatory Uncertainty
Technology Risks
Market Manipulation
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Money Market Funds
Features and Risks
Stable Net Asset Value
Credit Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Types of Money Market Funds
Government Funds
Prime Funds
Municipal Funds
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
Terms and Penalties
Maturity Options
Early Withdrawal Penalties
Types of CDs
Traditional CDs
Jumbo CDs
Callable CDs
High-Yield Savings Accounts
Interest Rates
Variable Rate Structure
Promotional Rates
FDIC Insurance
Coverage Limits
Bank Stability
Treasury Bills
Short-Term Government Securities
Auction Process
Secondary Market Trading
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2. Preparing to Invest
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4. Investment Vehicles