History and Theory of Architecture

  1. Global and Vernacular Traditions
    1. Understanding Vernacular Architecture
      1. Response to Climate
        1. Hot and Arid Climates
          1. Cold Climates
            1. Tropical Climates
              1. Temperate Climates
              2. Response to Culture
                1. Social Organization
                  1. Religious Beliefs
                    1. Economic Conditions
                    2. Use of Local Materials
                      1. Stone
                        1. Wood
                          1. Earth
                            1. Plant Materials
                            2. Non-pedigreed, Traditional Building
                              1. Oral Traditions
                                1. Craft Knowledge
                                  1. Regional Variations
                                  2. Bernard Rudofsky
                                    1. "Architecture Without Architects"
                                  3. Architecture of the Americas (Pre-Columbian)
                                    1. Mesoamerica
                                      1. Olmec
                                        1. La Venta
                                          1. Colossal Heads
                                          2. Maya
                                            1. Pyramids and Temples
                                              1. El Castillo at Chichen Itza
                                                1. Temple of the Grand Jaguar
                                                2. Urban Planning
                                                  1. Tikal
                                                    1. Palenque
                                                      1. Copán
                                                      2. Ball Courts
                                                        1. Observatory Buildings
                                                        2. Aztec
                                                          1. Tenochtitlan
                                                            1. Urban Planning
                                                              1. Chinampas
                                                              2. Templo Mayor
                                                                1. Dual Temples
                                                                  1. Ritual Significance
                                                                2. Zapotec
                                                                  1. Monte Albán
                                                                3. Andean Civilizations
                                                                  1. Chavin
                                                                    1. Chavin de Huantar
                                                                    2. Nazca
                                                                      1. Nazca Lines
                                                                      2. Moche
                                                                        1. Huacas del Sol y de la Luna
                                                                        2. Inca
                                                                          1. Machu Picchu
                                                                            1. Terraced Agriculture
                                                                              1. Urban Planning
                                                                              2. Stone Masonry Techniques
                                                                                1. Ashlar Masonry
                                                                                  1. Earthquake Resistance
                                                                                  2. Sacsayhuamán
                                                                                    1. Ollantaytambo
                                                                                  3. North American Indigenous
                                                                                    1. Pueblo Architecture
                                                                                      1. Adobe Construction
                                                                                        1. Mesa Verde
                                                                                          1. Taos Pueblo
                                                                                          2. Mound Builders
                                                                                            1. Cahokia
                                                                                              1. Serpent Mound
                                                                                              2. Pacific Northwest
                                                                                                1. Plank Houses
                                                                                                  1. Totem Poles
                                                                                              3. Architecture of India
                                                                                                1. Hindu Temple Architecture
                                                                                                  1. Dravidian Style
                                                                                                    1. South Indian Temples
                                                                                                      1. Gopurams
                                                                                                        1. Brihadeshwara Temple
                                                                                                        2. Nagara Style
                                                                                                          1. North Indian Temples
                                                                                                            1. Shikhara
                                                                                                              1. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
                                                                                                              2. Vesara Style
                                                                                                                1. Hybrid Style
                                                                                                                2. Temple Components
                                                                                                                  1. Garbhagriha (Sanctum)
                                                                                                                    1. Mandapa (Hall)
                                                                                                                      1. Pradakshina (Circumambulation)
                                                                                                                    2. Buddhist Architecture
                                                                                                                      1. Stupas
                                                                                                                        1. Sanchi Stupa
                                                                                                                          1. Symbolic Elements
                                                                                                                          2. Chaityas
                                                                                                                            1. Prayer Halls
                                                                                                                              1. Karla Caves
                                                                                                                              2. Viharas
                                                                                                                                1. Monasteries
                                                                                                                                  1. Ajanta Caves
                                                                                                                                  2. Rock-Cut Architecture
                                                                                                                                    1. Ellora Caves
                                                                                                                                      1. Elephanta Caves
                                                                                                                                    2. Mughal Architecture
                                                                                                                                      1. Synthesis of Islamic and Indian Elements
                                                                                                                                        1. Taj Mahal
                                                                                                                                          1. Shah Jahan's Vision
                                                                                                                                            1. Garden Setting
                                                                                                                                              1. Architectural Details
                                                                                                                                              2. Red Fort
                                                                                                                                                1. Defensive Architecture
                                                                                                                                                  1. Palace Complex
                                                                                                                                                  2. Fatehpur Sikri
                                                                                                                                                    1. Planned City
                                                                                                                                                      1. Akbar's Capital
                                                                                                                                                      2. Use of Domes and Iwans
                                                                                                                                                        1. Persian Influence
                                                                                                                                                        2. Decorative Elements
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pietra Dura
                                                                                                                                                            1. Calligraphy
                                                                                                                                                          2. Colonial and Modern Indian Architecture
                                                                                                                                                            1. British Colonial Architecture
                                                                                                                                                              1. Indo-Saracenic Style
                                                                                                                                                                1. Victoria Terminus
                                                                                                                                                                2. Post-Independence Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Le Corbusier's Chandigarh
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Louis Kahn's Indian Institute of Management
                                                                                                                                                                3. Architecture of China
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Principles of Feng Shui
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Harmony with Nature
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Directional Orientation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Energy Flow (Qi)
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Timber Frame Construction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dougong System
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bracket Sets
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structural and Decorative Function
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Post and Beam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flexible Joints
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Traditional Building Types
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Pagoda
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Buddhist Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multi-Story Towers
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structural System
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. The Palace Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Forbidden City
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Axial Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hierarchical Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Symbolic Colors
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Summer Palace
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Courtyard Houses (Siheyuan)
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Family Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Privacy and Hierarchy
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Scholar's Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Suzhou Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Landscape Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Regional Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Northern Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beijing Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Southern Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Jiangnan Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Minority Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tibetan Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dai Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Modern Chinese Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Socialist Realism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contemporary Developments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bird's Nest Stadium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. CCTV Headquarters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Architecture of Japan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shinto Shrines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ise Grand Shrine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Periodic Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sacred Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Torii Gates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Symbolic Entrance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Natural Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wood and Thatch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Buddhist Temples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pagodas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Five-Story Pagoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Earthquake Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Main Halls (Hondo)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Todaiji Temple
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Zen Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Simplicity and Restraint
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Traditional House Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Minka (Folk Houses)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Regional Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thatched Roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Tatami and Shoji
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Modular Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flexible Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Engawa (Veranda)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Indoor-Outdoor Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tokonoma (Alcove)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Display Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Integration with Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Garden Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dry Gardens (Karesansui)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tea Gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Relationship to Landscape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Borrowed Scenery (Shakkei)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Awareness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Modern Japanese Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolism Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Contemporary Masters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tadao Ando
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Kengo Kuma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shigeru Ban
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Architecture of Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diversity of Indigenous Building Traditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regional Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Saharan Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sudanic Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ethiopian Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Southern African Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Great Zimbabwe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stone Enclosures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dry Stone Walling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Great Enclosure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Urban Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Trade Center
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Earthen Architecture of West Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Great Mosque of Djenné
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Adobe Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Annual Replastering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Community Participation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Adobe Construction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sun-Dried Bricks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mud Plaster
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sudano-Sahelian Style
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Distinctive Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timbuktu Mosques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ethiopian Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Monolithic Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Underground Churches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Axumite Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stelae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Palace Ruins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. North African Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Berber Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Kasbah
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fortified Villages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nubian Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dome Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Courtyard Houses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Contemporary African Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hassan Fathy's Influence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Francis Kéré
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gando School Library
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. David Adjaye
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. National Museum of African American History

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Foundations of Architectural Study