Functional Programming
Functional Programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions, fundamentally avoiding changing-state and mutable data. It relies on building software by composing pure functions—functions that for a given input always return the same output and have no side effects—in a declarative style that describes *what* the program should accomplish rather than *how*. This emphasis on immutability and stateless operations results in code that is often more predictable, easier to test, and well-suited for parallel and concurrent execution.
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2. Foundational Concepts