Fluvial Geomorphology

  1. Human Impacts on Fluvial Systems
    1. Direct Channel Modifications
      1. Dams and Reservoirs
        1. Hydrologic Effects
          1. Sediment Trapping
            1. Downstream Channel Changes
              1. Reservoir Sedimentation
              2. Channelization
                1. Straightening
                  1. Deepening
                    1. Widening
                      1. Lining
                      2. Bank Protection
                        1. Riprap
                          1. Gabions
                            1. Concrete Revetments
                              1. Bioengineering
                              2. In-Channel Mining
                                1. Sand and Gravel Extraction
                                  1. Channel Incision
                                    1. Habitat Destruction
                                    2. Flow Diversions
                                      1. Water Abstraction
                                        1. Inter-Basin Transfers
                                      2. Indirect Impacts
                                        1. Land Use Changes
                                          1. Deforestation
                                            1. Agriculture
                                              1. Urbanization
                                                1. Mining
                                                2. Watershed Modifications
                                                  1. Drainage Networks
                                                    1. Surface Roughness
                                                      1. Infiltration Capacity
                                                      2. Pollution Effects
                                                        1. Sediment Contamination
                                                          1. Chemical Pollution
                                                            1. Thermal Pollution
                                                          2. Cumulative Effects
                                                            1. Multiple Stressor Interactions
                                                              1. Threshold Responses
                                                                1. System Resilience
                                                                  1. Recovery Processes

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                                                                12. Long-Term River Evolution

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                                                                14. Field Methods and Techniques