Exoplanets

  1. Planetary Characterization and Properties
    1. Fundamental Physical Properties
      1. Mass Determination
        1. Radial Velocity Mass Measurements
          1. Transit Timing Variation Mass Estimates
            1. Astrometric Mass Constraints
              1. Dynamical Mass Measurements
                1. Uncertainty Sources and Limitations
                2. Radius Measurements
                  1. Transit Depth Analysis
                    1. Limb Darkening Corrections
                      1. Stellar Parameter Dependencies
                        1. Precision Limitations
                        2. Bulk Density and Composition Inference
                          1. Mass-Radius Relationships
                            1. Composition Models
                              1. Rocky Planet Models
                                1. Ice-Rich Planet Models
                                  1. Gas-Rich Planet Models
                                  2. Degeneracies in Composition
                                  3. Orbital Characteristics
                                    1. Semi-Major Axis Determination
                                      1. Orbital Period Precision
                                        1. Eccentricity Measurements
                                          1. Inclination Constraints
                                            1. Argument of Periastron
                                              1. Longitude of Ascending Node
                                            2. Atmospheric Properties and Characterization
                                              1. Transmission Spectroscopy
                                                1. Physical Principle and Geometry
                                                  1. Atmospheric Scale Height Dependence
                                                    1. Molecular Absorption Features
                                                      1. Observational Requirements
                                                        1. Data Analysis Techniques
                                                        2. Emission Spectroscopy
                                                          1. Secondary Eclipse Observations
                                                            1. Thermal Emission Measurements
                                                              1. Day-Night Temperature Contrasts
                                                                1. Atmospheric Temperature Profiles
                                                                2. Reflection Spectroscopy
                                                                  1. Geometric Albedo Determination
                                                                    1. Phase Curve Analysis
                                                                      1. Scattering Properties
                                                                        1. Cloud and Haze Effects
                                                                        2. High-Resolution Spectroscopy
                                                                          1. Cross-Correlation Techniques
                                                                            1. Molecular Line Detection
                                                                              1. Atmospheric Dynamics
                                                                                1. Rotation and Wind Measurements
                                                                                2. Atmospheric Composition
                                                                                  1. Water Vapor Detection
                                                                                    1. Carbon-Bearing Molecules
                                                                                      1. Carbon Dioxide
                                                                                        1. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                          1. Methane
                                                                                          2. Nitrogen-Bearing Species
                                                                                            1. Noble Gases
                                                                                              1. Trace Species and Isotopes
                                                                                              2. Atmospheric Structure
                                                                                                1. Temperature-Pressure Profiles
                                                                                                  1. Thermal Inversions
                                                                                                    1. Cloud Formation and Distribution
                                                                                                      1. Haze Layers
                                                                                                        1. Atmospheric Escape Processes
                                                                                                        2. Atmospheric Dynamics
                                                                                                          1. Global Circulation Patterns
                                                                                                            1. Zonal and Meridional Winds
                                                                                                              1. Temporal Variability
                                                                                                                1. Weather Phenomena
                                                                                                              2. Host Star Characterization
                                                                                                                1. Stellar Classification and Properties
                                                                                                                  1. Spectral Type Determination
                                                                                                                    1. Luminosity Class
                                                                                                                      1. Effective Temperature
                                                                                                                        1. Surface Gravity
                                                                                                                          1. Metallicity Measurements
                                                                                                                          2. Stellar Mass and Radius
                                                                                                                            1. Asteroseismic Constraints
                                                                                                                              1. Evolutionary Track Fitting
                                                                                                                                1. Empirical Calibrations
                                                                                                                                  1. Binary Star Calibrations
                                                                                                                                  2. Stellar Age Determination
                                                                                                                                    1. Gyrochronology
                                                                                                                                      1. Asteroseismology
                                                                                                                                        1. Lithium Depletion
                                                                                                                                          1. White Dwarf Companions
                                                                                                                                            1. Cluster Membership
                                                                                                                                            2. Stellar Activity and Variability
                                                                                                                                              1. Magnetic Activity Cycles
                                                                                                                                                1. Flare Frequency and Energy
                                                                                                                                                  1. Starspot Coverage
                                                                                                                                                    1. Chromospheric Activity Indicators
                                                                                                                                                      1. Impact on Planet Detection
                                                                                                                                                        1. Habitability Implications

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                                                                                                                                                    3. Survey Programs and Instrumentation

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                                                                                                                                                    5. Exoplanet Demographics and System Architecture