Energy Conversion and Storage

  1. Energy Conversion Technologies
    1. Thermomechanical Conversion Systems
      1. Heat Engine Fundamentals
        1. Heat Engine Principles
          1. Efficiency Limitations
            1. Working Fluid Properties
            2. External Combustion Engines
              1. Rankine Cycle Systems
                1. Basic Rankine Cycle
                  1. Cycle Components and Operation
                    1. Steam Properties and Tables
                      1. Working Fluid Selection
                        1. Efficiency Analysis
                          1. Modifications and Improvements
                            1. Applications in Power Generation
                            2. Stirling Engine Systems
                              1. Stirling Cycle Principles
                                1. Engine Components
                                  1. Regeneration Process
                                    1. Heat Exchange Requirements
                                      1. Performance Characteristics
                                        1. Applications and Limitations
                                      2. Internal Combustion Engines
                                        1. Otto Cycle Engines
                                          1. Four-Stroke Engine Operation
                                            1. Two-Stroke Engine Operation
                                              1. Thermodynamic Analysis
                                                1. Fuel-Air Mixing
                                                  1. Ignition Systems
                                                    1. Performance Parameters
                                                    2. Diesel Cycle Engines
                                                      1. Compression Ignition Process
                                                        1. Fuel Injection Systems
                                                          1. Combustion Characteristics
                                                            1. Efficiency Advantages
                                                              1. Emissions Formation
                                                              2. Gas Turbine Systems
                                                                1. Brayton Cycle Analysis
                                                                  1. Compressor Design and Operation
                                                                    1. Combustion Chamber Design
                                                                      1. Turbine Design and Operation
                                                                        1. Open Cycle Configuration
                                                                          1. Closed Cycle Configuration
                                                                            1. Applications in Power Generation
                                                                              1. Applications in Aviation
                                                                            2. Combined Cycle Systems
                                                                              1. Integration Principles
                                                                                1. Gas Turbine-Steam Turbine Combination
                                                                                  1. Heat Recovery Steam Generators
                                                                                    1. Efficiency Improvements
                                                                                      1. System Optimization
                                                                                        1. Performance Analysis
                                                                                      2. Thermochemical Conversion Processes
                                                                                        1. Combustion Processes
                                                                                          1. Combustion Fundamentals
                                                                                            1. Complete Combustion
                                                                                              1. Incomplete Combustion
                                                                                                1. Combustion Efficiency
                                                                                                  1. Flame Characteristics
                                                                                                    1. Emissions Formation and Control
                                                                                                      1. Applications in Power Generation
                                                                                                        1. Applications in Heat Generation
                                                                                                        2. Gasification Processes
                                                                                                          1. Gasification Principles
                                                                                                            1. Feedstock Preparation
                                                                                                              1. Gasification Reactions
                                                                                                                1. Syngas Composition
                                                                                                                  1. Gasifier Types and Designs
                                                                                                                    1. Applications in Fuel Production
                                                                                                                      1. Applications in Chemical Production
                                                                                                                        1. Process Integration
                                                                                                                        2. Pyrolysis Processes
                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms
                                                                                                                            1. Process Conditions and Control
                                                                                                                              1. Product Distribution
                                                                                                                                1. Bio-oil Production
                                                                                                                                  1. Char Production
                                                                                                                                    1. Gas Production
                                                                                                                                      1. Applications in Waste-to-Energy
                                                                                                                                        1. Process Optimization
                                                                                                                                        2. Liquefaction Processes
                                                                                                                                          1. Direct Liquefaction
                                                                                                                                            1. Indirect Liquefaction
                                                                                                                                              1. Coal-to-Liquid Processes
                                                                                                                                                1. Biomass-to-Liquid Processes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Process Challenges
                                                                                                                                                    1. Economic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                  2. Electrochemical Conversion Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fuel Cell Technologies
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fuel Cell Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrochemical Principles
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Components and Functions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Anode and Cathode Reactions
                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrolyte Properties
                                                                                                                                                                1. Voltage and Current Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Membrane Materials and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrode Structure and Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Integration
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transportation Applications
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stationary Power Applications
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                              1. High-Temperature Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ceramic Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fuel Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. System Design Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrolyte Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Operating Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fuel Processing Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. System Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Alkaline Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrolyte and Electrode Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Operating Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Space Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Niche Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Performance Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Methanol Oxidation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. System Simplification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Portable Power Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electrolyzer Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Electrolysis Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electrochemical Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermodynamic Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Kinetic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Alkaline Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Design and Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrolyte Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Operating Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Efficiency Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Durability and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Operating Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Integration with Renewables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-Temperature Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thermal Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Efficiency Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. System Complexity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coupling with Renewable Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Direct Electrical Conversion Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Photovoltaic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Photovoltaic Effect Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Light Absorption Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electron-Hole Pair Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Charge Separation and Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Current-Voltage Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fill Factor and Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Semiconductor Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Silicon Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Monocrystalline Silicon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polycrystalline Silicon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amorphous Silicon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thin-Film Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cadmium Telluride
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Emerging Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Perovskite Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organic Semiconductors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Solar Cell Generations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. First-Generation Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Silicon-Based Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Manufacturing Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cost Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Second-Generation Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thin-Film Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Material Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Manufacturing Scalability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Third-Generation Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Perovskite Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Organic Photovoltaics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Quantum Dot Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Emerging Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Advanced Solar Cell Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multi-Junction Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tandem Cell Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Concentrator Photovoltaics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Records and Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Thermoelectric Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermoelectric Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seebeck Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physical Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mathematical Description
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Material Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Peltier Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cooling Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Heating Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Thomson Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Thermoelectric Generators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Material Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Efficiency Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Waste Heat Recovery Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Thermoelectric Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Material Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Figure of Merit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Material Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Piezoelectric Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Piezoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Crystal Structure Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Direct Piezoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Converse Piezoelectric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Material Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Piezoelectric Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Natural Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ceramic Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Polymer Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composite Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Energy Harvesting Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vibration Energy Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motion Energy Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. System Design Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Power Output Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fluid Dynamic Energy Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fluid Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bernoulli's Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Conservation of Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conservation of Momentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flow Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laminar Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Turbulent Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Boundary Layer Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hydropower Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydropower Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Head and Flow Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Power Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Impulse Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pelton Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Design Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Efficiency Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Site Suitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Turgo Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cross-Flow Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reaction Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Francis Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Design and Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Efficiency Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Application Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Kaplan Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Variable Pitch Blades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Low Head Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Efficiency Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Propeller Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Hydropower System Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Intake Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Penstocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Powerhouse Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tailrace Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wind Power Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wind Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind Speed Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wind Power Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Site Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Wind Turbine Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Three-Blade Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Blade Aerodynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Control Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gearbox and Generator
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Darrieus Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Savonius Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages and Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wind Power Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Betz's Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Theoretical Power Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Practical Efficiency Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tip Speed Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Power Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wind Turbine Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Rotor Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nacelle Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tower Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Foundation Requirements

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Energy Storage Technologies