Distributed Consensus

  1. Consensus in Public and Permissionless Networks
    1. Nakamoto Consensus
      1. Proof-of-Work Mechanism
        1. Hash-based Puzzles
          1. Difficulty Adjustment
            1. Mining Process
              1. Block Creation
              2. Longest Chain Rule
                1. Chain Selection Criteria
                  1. Fork Resolution
                    1. Orphan Blocks
                    2. Probabilistic Finality
                      1. Confirmation Depth
                        1. Reorganization Risk
                          1. Security Parameters
                          2. Economic Incentives
                            1. Block Rewards
                              1. Transaction Fees
                                1. Mining Economics
                                2. Security Analysis
                                  1. 51% Attack Resistance
                                    1. Selfish Mining
                                      1. Double Spending Prevention
                                    2. Proof-of-Stake Variants
                                      1. Basic Proof-of-Stake
                                        1. Stake-based Selection
                                          1. Validator Responsibilities
                                            1. Slashing Conditions
                                            2. Chain-based PoS
                                              1. Block Proposer Selection
                                                1. Chain Extension Rules
                                                  1. Nothing-at-Stake Problem
                                                  2. BFT-style PoS
                                                    1. Committee-based Consensus
                                                      1. Voting Mechanisms
                                                        1. Finality Guarantees
                                                        2. Delegated Proof-of-Stake
                                                          1. Delegate Election
                                                            1. Block Production Rotation
                                                              1. Governance Integration
                                                              2. Liquid Proof-of-Stake
                                                                1. Delegation Flexibility
                                                                  1. Stake Mobility
                                                                    1. Governance Participation
                                                                  2. Alternative Consensus Mechanisms
                                                                    1. Proof-of-Authority
                                                                      1. Identity-based Validation
                                                                        1. Permissioned Networks
                                                                          1. Governance Models
                                                                          2. Proof-of-Space
                                                                            1. Storage-based Consensus
                                                                              1. Space-Time Proofs
                                                                                1. Environmental Benefits
                                                                                2. Proof-of-Elapsed-Time
                                                                                  1. Intel SGX Integration
                                                                                    1. Random Wait Times
                                                                                      1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                      2. Hybrid Approaches
                                                                                        1. PoW-PoS Combinations
                                                                                          1. Multi-layer Consensus
                                                                                            1. Checkpoint Systems
                                                                                          2. Scalability Solutions
                                                                                            1. Sharding
                                                                                              1. State Sharding
                                                                                                1. Transaction Sharding
                                                                                                  1. Cross-shard Communication
                                                                                                  2. Layer 2 Solutions
                                                                                                    1. Payment Channels
                                                                                                      1. State Channels
                                                                                                        1. Rollup Technologies
                                                                                                        2. Interoperability Protocols
                                                                                                          1. Cross-chain Consensus
                                                                                                            1. Bridge Mechanisms
                                                                                                              1. Atomic Swaps

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                                                                                                          4. Consensus in Byzantine-Failure Models

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                                                                                                          6. Advanced Topics and Extensions