Dinosaurs

  1. The Study of Dinosaurs
    1. Fossilization Processes
      1. Permineralization
        1. Mineral Replacement
          1. Cellular Preservation
            1. Chemical Conditions
            2. Molds and Casts
              1. External Molds
                1. Internal Casts
                  1. Composite Preservation
                  2. Trace Fossils
                    1. Footprints and Trackways
                      1. Preservation Conditions
                        1. Behavioral Information
                          1. Environmental Context
                          2. Coprolites
                            1. Dietary Evidence
                              1. Digestive Processes
                                1. Parasite Preservation
                                2. Burrows and Nests
                                  1. Construction Methods
                                    1. Social Behavior
                                      1. Environmental Adaptation
                                    2. Soft Tissue Preservation
                                      1. Exceptional Fossil Sites
                                        1. Solnhofen Limestone
                                          1. Jehol Biota
                                            1. Hell Creek Formation
                                            2. Preservation Mechanisms
                                              1. Rapid Burial
                                                1. Anoxic Conditions
                                                  1. Mineral Replacement
                                                  2. Feathers and Skin
                                                    1. Structural Details
                                                      1. Color Preservation
                                                        1. Functional Analysis
                                                    2. Discovery and Excavation
                                                      1. Prospecting for Fossils
                                                        1. Geological Mapping
                                                          1. Rock Age Determination
                                                            1. Formation Characteristics
                                                              1. Exposure Quality
                                                              2. Surface Collection
                                                                1. Weathered Fragments
                                                                  1. Indicator Fossils
                                                                    1. Site Assessment
                                                                    2. Remote Sensing
                                                                      1. Satellite Imagery
                                                                        1. Aerial Photography
                                                                          1. Ground-penetrating Radar
                                                                        2. Field Techniques
                                                                          1. Excavation Methods
                                                                            1. Hand Tools
                                                                              1. Power Tools
                                                                                1. Precision Techniques
                                                                                2. Field Mapping and Documentation
                                                                                  1. GPS Positioning
                                                                                    1. Photogrammetry
                                                                                      1. Stratigraphic Recording
                                                                                      2. Plaster Jacketing
                                                                                        1. Stabilization Methods
                                                                                          1. Transport Preparation
                                                                                            1. Protection Techniques
                                                                                          2. Preparation and Curation
                                                                                            1. Cleaning and Stabilizing Fossils
                                                                                              1. Mechanical Preparation
                                                                                                1. Chemical Preparation
                                                                                                  1. Consolidation Methods
                                                                                                  2. Cataloging and Storage
                                                                                                    1. Database Management
                                                                                                      1. Specimen Numbering
                                                                                                        1. Environmental Controls
                                                                                                        2. Research Access
                                                                                                          1. Loan Procedures
                                                                                                            1. Digital Archives
                                                                                                              1. Collaborative Studies
                                                                                                          2. Reconstructing Dinosaurs
                                                                                                            1. Skeletal Reconstruction
                                                                                                              1. Mounting Skeletons
                                                                                                                1. Armature Design
                                                                                                                  1. Pose Selection
                                                                                                                    1. Stability Considerations
                                                                                                                    2. Restoring Missing Parts
                                                                                                                      1. Comparative Anatomy
                                                                                                                        1. Scaling Methods
                                                                                                                          1. Uncertainty Indicators
                                                                                                                          2. Digital Reconstruction
                                                                                                                            1. 3D Modeling
                                                                                                                              1. Virtual Reality
                                                                                                                                1. Animation Techniques
                                                                                                                              2. Musculature and Soft Tissue Modeling
                                                                                                                                1. Muscle Attachment Inference
                                                                                                                                  1. Bone Surface Features
                                                                                                                                    1. Comparative Studies
                                                                                                                                      1. Biomechanical Constraints
                                                                                                                                      2. Reconstructing Body Shape
                                                                                                                                        1. Volume Estimates
                                                                                                                                          1. Skin Thickness
                                                                                                                                            1. Fat Distribution
                                                                                                                                            2. Functional Analysis
                                                                                                                                              1. Range of Motion
                                                                                                                                                1. Force Production
                                                                                                                                                  1. Movement Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                2. Reconstructing Appearance and Color
                                                                                                                                                  1. Integument Evidence
                                                                                                                                                    1. Scale Patterns
                                                                                                                                                      1. Feather Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                        1. Skin Textures
                                                                                                                                                        2. Color Analysis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Melanosome Studies
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Comparative Biology
                                                                                                                                                              2. Artistic Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                1. Scientific Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Artistic Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Educational Communication

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                                                                                                                                                              5. Dinosaur Behavior and Life History

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                                                                                                                                                              7. The Great Extinction