Cultural Geography

  1. Geographies of Language
    1. The Nature of Language
      1. Language and Cultural Identity
        1. Language as Identity Marker
          1. Language and Group Membership
            1. Linguistic Identity Formation
            2. Language and Power
              1. Linguistic Hegemony
                1. Language Policy and Planning
                  1. Language and Social Stratification
                    1. Language Rights
                  2. Language Families and Distribution
                    1. Major Language Families
                      1. Indo-European
                        1. Germanic Branch
                          1. Romance Branch
                            1. Slavic Branch
                              1. Indo-Iranian Branch
                                1. Global Distribution
                                2. Sino-Tibetan
                                  1. Chinese Languages
                                    1. Tibeto-Burman Languages
                                      1. Global Distribution
                                      2. Afro-Asiatic
                                        1. Semitic Languages
                                          1. Berber Languages
                                            1. Cushitic Languages
                                              1. Global Distribution
                                              2. Niger-Congo
                                                1. Bantu Languages
                                                  1. West African Languages
                                                    1. Global Distribution
                                                    2. Austronesian
                                                      1. Trans-New Guinea
                                                        1. Altaic
                                                        2. Language Isolates
                                                          1. Definition and Characteristics
                                                            1. Examples of Language Isolates
                                                              1. Geographic Distribution
                                                            2. Language Diffusion
                                                              1. Historical Spread of Languages
                                                                1. Migration and Colonization
                                                                  1. Trade and Conquest
                                                                    1. Religious Expansion
                                                                    2. Language Divergence and Convergence
                                                                      1. Dialect Formation
                                                                        1. Language Contact and Borrowing
                                                                          1. Creolization and Pidgins
                                                                            1. Language Death
                                                                          2. Linguistic Landscapes
                                                                            1. Toponymy
                                                                              1. Origins and Meanings
                                                                                1. Political and Cultural Significance
                                                                                  1. Toponymic Layers
                                                                                  2. Official Languages
                                                                                    1. National Language Policies
                                                                                      1. Regional Language Policies
                                                                                        1. Multilingual States
                                                                                        2. Linguistic Minorities and Revitalization
                                                                                          1. Endangered Languages
                                                                                            1. Language Revitalization Movements
                                                                                              1. Bilingual Education
                                                                                                1. Language Maintenance
                                                                                              2. Dialects and Lingua Francas
                                                                                                1. Regional Dialects
                                                                                                  1. Social Dialects
                                                                                                    1. Standardization of Language
                                                                                                      1. Lingua Franca and Global Communication
                                                                                                        1. English as Global Lingua Franca