Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence

  1. Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
    1. A Brief History of AI
      1. Early Concepts and Automata
        1. Ancient Automata
          1. Mechanical Calculators
            1. Turing's Contributions
            2. The Dartmouth Workshop
              1. Foundational Goals and Participants
                1. John McCarthy's Vision
                  1. Early Optimism
                  2. Symbolic AI Era
                    1. Logic Theorist
                      1. General Problem Solver
                        1. Expert Systems Boom
                        2. AI Winters and Springs
                          1. First AI Winter
                            1. Second AI Winter
                              1. Causes and Consequences
                                1. Funding Cycles
                                2. Modern AI Resurgence
                                  1. Internet and Big Data
                                    1. Computational Power Increases
                                      1. Deep Learning Revolution
                                    2. Major Paradigms in AI
                                      1. Symbolic AI (GOFAI - Good Old-Fashioned AI)
                                        1. Logic-Based Systems
                                          1. Propositional Logic
                                            1. Predicate Logic
                                              1. Automated Theorem Proving
                                                1. Resolution Method
                                                2. Expert Systems
                                                  1. Rule-Based Reasoning
                                                    1. Knowledge Representation
                                                      1. Inference Engines
                                                        1. MYCIN and DENDRAL
                                                        2. Planning Systems
                                                          1. STRIPS
                                                            1. Hierarchical Planning
                                                          2. Connectionism
                                                            1. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
                                                              1. Perceptrons
                                                                1. Single-Layer Perceptrons
                                                                  1. Limitations
                                                                  2. Multilayer Networks
                                                                    1. Hidden Layers
                                                                      1. Universal Approximation
                                                                      2. Hopfield Networks
                                                                        1. Self-Organizing Maps
                                                                        2. Deep Learning
                                                                          1. Hierarchical Feature Learning
                                                                            1. Backpropagation
                                                                              1. Gradient Descent
                                                                                1. Regularization Techniques
                                                                              2. Hybrid Approaches
                                                                                1. Neuro-Symbolic Integration
                                                                                  1. Cognitive Architectures
                                                                                    1. Multi-Agent Systems
                                                                                  2. Core AI Concepts and Architectures
                                                                                    1. Machine Learning
                                                                                      1. Supervised Learning
                                                                                        1. Classification
                                                                                          1. Decision Trees
                                                                                            1. Support Vector Machines
                                                                                              1. Naive Bayes
                                                                                              2. Regression
                                                                                                1. Linear Regression
                                                                                                  1. Polynomial Regression
                                                                                                    1. Logistic Regression
                                                                                                  2. Unsupervised Learning
                                                                                                    1. Clustering
                                                                                                      1. K-Means
                                                                                                        1. Hierarchical Clustering
                                                                                                          1. DBSCAN
                                                                                                          2. Dimensionality Reduction
                                                                                                            1. Principal Component Analysis
                                                                                                              1. t-SNE
                                                                                                                1. Autoencoders
                                                                                                              2. Reinforcement Learning
                                                                                                                1. Agents and Environments
                                                                                                                  1. Reward Structures
                                                                                                                    1. Q-Learning
                                                                                                                      1. Policy Gradient Methods
                                                                                                                        1. Actor-Critic Methods
                                                                                                                      2. Neural Network Architectures
                                                                                                                        1. Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs)
                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Training
                                                                                                                            1. Activation Functions
                                                                                                                              1. Loss Functions
                                                                                                                              2. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
                                                                                                                                1. Sequence Processing
                                                                                                                                  1. Vanishing Gradient Problem
                                                                                                                                    1. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
                                                                                                                                      1. Gated Recurrent Units (GRU)
                                                                                                                                      2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
                                                                                                                                        1. Image and Pattern Recognition
                                                                                                                                          1. Convolution Operation
                                                                                                                                            1. Pooling Layers
                                                                                                                                              1. Feature Maps
                                                                                                                                              2. Transformers and Attention Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                1. Self-Attention
                                                                                                                                                  1. Multi-Head Attention
                                                                                                                                                    1. Sequence-to-Sequence Models
                                                                                                                                                      1. BERT and GPT Architectures
                                                                                                                                                    2. Large Language Models (LLMs)
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pretraining and Fine-Tuning
                                                                                                                                                        1. Unsupervised Pretraining
                                                                                                                                                          1. Transfer Learning
                                                                                                                                                            1. Task-Specific Fine-Tuning
                                                                                                                                                            2. Natural Language Understanding and Generation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Text Completion
                                                                                                                                                                1. Question Answering
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dialogue Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Emergent Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cognitive Architectures
                                                                                                                                                                    1. ACT-R
                                                                                                                                                                      1. SOAR
                                                                                                                                                                        1. CLARION
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Global Workspace Architectures
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Distinguishing Intelligence from Consciousness
                                                                                                                                                                          1. The Turing Test and its Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Behavioral Indistinguishability
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Critiques and Alternatives
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chinese Room Objection
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Loebner Prize
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Winograd Schema Challenge
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Intelligence as Problem-Solving Capability
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reasoning and Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Learning and Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pattern Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Goal-Directed Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Consciousness as Subjective Experience
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Distinction from Functional Intelligence
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Challenges in Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phenomenal vs. Access Consciousness
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Explanatory Gap

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                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Foundational Concepts of Consciousness

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                                                                                                                                                                                              3. The Intersection: Can Machines Be Conscious?