Biobased Economy

  1. Conversion Technologies and Processes
    1. Biorefinery Concept
      1. Definition and Principles
        1. Integrated Processing
          1. Multiple Product Streams
            1. Resource Optimization
            2. Integrated Biorefineries
              1. Multi-product Output
                1. Primary Products
                  1. Co-products
                    1. By-products
                    2. Process Integration
                      1. Heat Integration
                        1. Mass Integration
                          1. Utility Sharing
                        2. Platform Chemicals
                          1. Role in Biorefineries
                            1. Building Blocks
                              1. Intermediate Products
                                1. Value Addition
                                2. Examples of Platform Chemicals
                                  1. Sugars
                                    1. Organic Acids
                                      1. Alcohols
                                        1. Aromatics
                                    2. Biochemical Conversion Pathways
                                      1. Fermentation
                                        1. Ethanol Fermentation
                                          1. Microorganisms Used
                                            1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
                                              1. Zymomonas mobilis
                                                1. Engineered Strains
                                                2. Process Conditions
                                                  1. Temperature Control
                                                    1. pH Management
                                                      1. Nutrient Requirements
                                                      2. Fermentation Types
                                                        1. Batch Fermentation
                                                          1. Continuous Fermentation
                                                            1. Fed-batch Fermentation
                                                          2. Butanol Fermentation
                                                            1. ABE Fermentation
                                                              1. Clostridium Species
                                                                1. Two-phase Process
                                                                2. Product Recovery
                                                                  1. Distillation
                                                                    1. Extraction
                                                                      1. Membrane Separation
                                                                    2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                                                      1. Succinic Acid Fermentation
                                                                      2. Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                        1. Stages of Digestion
                                                                          1. Hydrolysis
                                                                            1. Acidogenesis
                                                                              1. Acetogenesis
                                                                                1. Methanogenesis
                                                                                2. Biogas Production
                                                                                  1. Methane Content
                                                                                    1. Carbon Dioxide Content
                                                                                      1. Trace Compounds
                                                                                      2. Process Parameters
                                                                                        1. Temperature
                                                                                          1. pH
                                                                                            1. Retention Time
                                                                                              1. Loading Rate
                                                                                            2. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
                                                                                              1. Enzyme Types
                                                                                                1. Cellulases
                                                                                                  1. Hemicellulases
                                                                                                    1. Pectinases
                                                                                                    2. Pretreatment Requirements
                                                                                                      1. Physical Pretreatment
                                                                                                        1. Chemical Pretreatment
                                                                                                          1. Biological Pretreatment
                                                                                                          2. Process Optimization
                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Loading
                                                                                                              1. Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                1. Inhibitor Management
                                                                                                              2. Composting
                                                                                                                1. Aerobic Decomposition
                                                                                                                  1. Microbial Activity
                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Requirements
                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Profiles
                                                                                                                      2. Compost Quality
                                                                                                                        1. Maturity Indicators
                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Content
                                                                                                                            1. Pathogen Reduction
                                                                                                                        2. Thermochemical Conversion Pathways
                                                                                                                          1. Combustion
                                                                                                                            1. Direct Combustion Systems
                                                                                                                              1. Grate Firing
                                                                                                                                1. Fluidized Bed
                                                                                                                                  1. Pulverized Fuel
                                                                                                                                  2. Emissions Control
                                                                                                                                    1. Particulate Control
                                                                                                                                      1. NOx Reduction
                                                                                                                                        1. SOx Control
                                                                                                                                        2. Efficiency Optimization
                                                                                                                                        3. Gasification
                                                                                                                                          1. Process Overview
                                                                                                                                            1. Partial Oxidation
                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Zones
                                                                                                                                                1. Gas Cleaning
                                                                                                                                                2. Syngas Production
                                                                                                                                                  1. Composition Control
                                                                                                                                                    1. Tar Reduction
                                                                                                                                                      1. Conditioning
                                                                                                                                                      2. Gasifier Types
                                                                                                                                                        1. Fixed Bed
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluidized Bed
                                                                                                                                                            1. Entrained Flow
                                                                                                                                                          2. Pyrolysis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Fast Pyrolysis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Reactor Types
                                                                                                                                                                1. Fluidized Bed Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Circulating Fluidized Bed
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rotating Cone Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Bio-oil Yield
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Yield Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Quality Factors
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Process Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heating Rate
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Residence Time
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Slow Pyrolysis (Biochar Production)
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochar Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Content
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Surface Area
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Porosity
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Soil Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Amendment
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature Range
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pressure Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Residence Time
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Product Spectrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bio-crude Oil
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aqueous Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Solid Residue
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gas Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Torrefaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Residence Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Atmosphere Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Product Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Energy Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grindability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrophobicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Conversion Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transesterification (Biodiesel Production)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feedstock Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oil Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Free Fatty Acid Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Moisture Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Catalysts Used
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Homogeneous Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heterogeneous Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Process Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Batch Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Continuous Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Supercritical Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Base Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metal Complex Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Heterogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Solid Acid Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metal Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Zeolite Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biocatalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Whole Cell Catalysts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Green Chemistry Principles in Biomass Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Atom Economy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reaction Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Waste Minimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Use of Benign Solvents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water as Solvent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ionic Liquids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supercritical Fluids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Renewable Feedstocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Physical and Mechanical Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Milling and Grinding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Particle Size Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Size Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface Area Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Equipment Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hammer Mills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ball Mills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Knife Mills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Energy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Densification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pelletizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pellet Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Binding Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Briquetting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pressure Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Binder Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Torrefied Pellets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Fractionation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Separation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanical Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Fractionation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Biological Fractionation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Product Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cellulose Fraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemicellulose Fraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lignin Fraction

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Foundations: Biomass Feedstocks

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4. Products of the Biobased Economy