Automotive Innovation and History

  1. The 21st Century: Sustainable and Smart Vehicles
    1. Alternative Propulsion Systems
      1. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
        1. Series Hybrid Systems
          1. Parallel Hybrid Systems
            1. Series-Parallel Systems
              1. Power Split Devices
                1. Toyota Prius Development
                  1. Hybrid System Components
                    1. Electric Motors
                      1. Battery Packs
                        1. Power Electronics
                          1. Regenerative Braking
                        2. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
                          1. Extended Electric Range
                            1. Charging Infrastructure Requirements
                              1. Battery Capacity Considerations
                                1. Operating Modes
                                2. Battery Electric Vehicles
                                  1. Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
                                    1. Cell Chemistry Types
                                      1. Battery Pack Design
                                        1. Thermal Management
                                          1. Battery Management Systems
                                          2. Electric Motor Technologies
                                            1. AC Induction Motors
                                              1. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
                                                1. Switched Reluctance Motors
                                                2. Charging Infrastructure
                                                  1. Level 1 Charging
                                                    1. Level 2 Charging
                                                      1. DC Fast Charging
                                                        1. Wireless Charging Development
                                                        2. Tesla's Market Impact
                                                          1. Direct Sales Model
                                                            1. Supercharger Network
                                                              1. Over-the-Air Updates
                                                                1. Vertical Integration
                                                              2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
                                                                1. Fuel Cell Stack Operation
                                                                  1. Proton Exchange Membrane Technology
                                                                    1. Hydrogen Storage Systems
                                                                      1. Compressed Gas Storage
                                                                        1. Liquid Hydrogen Storage
                                                                          1. Metal Hydride Storage
                                                                          2. Hydrogen Production Methods
                                                                            1. Infrastructure Development Challenges
                                                                            2. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
                                                                              1. Compressed Natural Gas
                                                                                1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas
                                                                                  1. Biofuel Applications
                                                                                    1. Synthetic Fuels
                                                                                  2. Connectivity and Digital Integration
                                                                                    1. In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems
                                                                                      1. Touchscreen Interfaces
                                                                                        1. Voice Recognition
                                                                                          1. Entertainment Features
                                                                                          2. Telematics Systems
                                                                                            1. Vehicle-to-Cloud Communication
                                                                                              1. Remote Diagnostics
                                                                                                1. Fleet Management Applications
                                                                                                  1. Emergency Services Integration
                                                                                                  2. Smartphone Integration
                                                                                                    1. Apple CarPlay
                                                                                                      1. Android Auto
                                                                                                        1. Wireless Connectivity
                                                                                                          1. App Ecosystem
                                                                                                          2. Over-the-Air Software Updates
                                                                                                            1. Feature Enhancement
                                                                                                              1. Bug Fixes
                                                                                                                1. Security Patches
                                                                                                                  1. Cybersecurity Considerations
                                                                                                                  2. Vehicle-to-Everything Communication
                                                                                                                    1. Vehicle-to-Vehicle
                                                                                                                      1. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
                                                                                                                        1. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
                                                                                                                          1. Vehicle-to-Grid
                                                                                                                        2. Autonomous Driving Technology
                                                                                                                          1. SAE Levels of Driving Automation
                                                                                                                            1. Level 0: No Automation
                                                                                                                              1. Level 1: Driver Assistance
                                                                                                                                1. Level 2: Partial Automation
                                                                                                                                  1. Level 3: Conditional Automation
                                                                                                                                    1. Level 4: High Automation
                                                                                                                                      1. Level 5: Full Automation
                                                                                                                                      2. Sensor Technologies
                                                                                                                                        1. LiDAR Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Time-of-Flight Measurement
                                                                                                                                            1. 3D Point Cloud Generation
                                                                                                                                              1. Range and Resolution
                                                                                                                                              2. Radar Systems
                                                                                                                                                1. Millimeter Wave Radar
                                                                                                                                                  1. Object Detection
                                                                                                                                                    1. Velocity Measurement
                                                                                                                                                    2. Camera Systems
                                                                                                                                                      1. Monocular Cameras
                                                                                                                                                        1. Stereo Vision
                                                                                                                                                          1. Image Processing
                                                                                                                                                          2. Ultrasonic Sensors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Parking Assistance
                                                                                                                                                              1. Low-Speed Maneuvering
                                                                                                                                                            2. Sensor Fusion Technology
                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Sensor Integration
                                                                                                                                                                1. Data Processing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Redundancy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  2. High-Definition Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Centimeter-Level Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Real-Time Updates
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Localization Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Artificial Intelligence Applications
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Machine Learning Algorithms
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deep Learning Networks
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Computer Vision
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Decision-Making Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Safety and Redundancy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fail-Safe Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. System Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Human-Machine Interface

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                                                                                                                                                                                  5. The Digital Revolution and Modernization (1980s-2000s)

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                                                                                                                                                                                  7. Core Scientific and Engineering Disciplines