Automotive Cybersecurity

  1. Automotive Attack Surface
    1. Physical Access Vectors
      1. On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) Port
        1. Diagnostic Access Capabilities
          1. Reprogramming Capabilities
            1. Physical Security Considerations
            2. USB and Media Ports
              1. Firmware Update Vectors
                1. Media Playback Vulnerabilities
                  1. Malicious Media Attacks
                  2. Direct ECU Connection Points
                    1. JTAG Debug Ports
                      1. Serial Debug Interfaces
                        1. Firmware Extraction Risks
                        2. Physical Key and Ignition Systems
                          1. Traditional Key Vulnerabilities
                            1. Ignition System Bypass
                          2. Wireless and Short-Range Vectors
                            1. Bluetooth Communication
                              1. Classic Bluetooth Vulnerabilities
                                1. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Risks
                                  1. Pairing Process Weaknesses
                                    1. Protocol Implementation Flaws
                                    2. Wi-Fi Networks
                                      1. In-Vehicle Hotspot Services
                                        1. Guest Network Access
                                          1. Wi-Fi Direct Connections
                                          2. Remote Keyless Entry Systems
                                            1. Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
                                              1. Passive Keyless Entry (PKE)
                                                1. Signal Relay Attacks
                                                  1. Rolling Code Weaknesses
                                                  2. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
                                                    1. Wireless Sensor Communication
                                                      1. Spoofing Attacks
                                                        1. Signal Interception
                                                        2. Near Field Communication (NFC)
                                                          1. Keyless Start Systems
                                                            1. Access Control Systems
                                                              1. Data Exchange Risks
                                                            2. Long-Range and Remote Vectors
                                                              1. Cellular Connectivity
                                                                1. 3G Network Vulnerabilities
                                                                  1. 4G/LTE Security Issues
                                                                    1. 5G Implementation Risks
                                                                      1. Telematics Data Transmission
                                                                        1. Remote Command Execution
                                                                        2. Satellite Communications
                                                                          1. GPS Systems
                                                                            1. GPS Spoofing
                                                                              1. GPS Jamming
                                                                              2. Satellite Radio
                                                                                1. Satellite Data Injection
                                                                                2. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication
                                                                                  1. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
                                                                                    1. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
                                                                                      1. Vehicle-to-Network (V2N)
                                                                                        1. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)
                                                                                          1. V2X Security Challenges
                                                                                            1. Certificate Management Issues
                                                                                          2. Indirect and Supply Chain Vectors
                                                                                            1. Software and Firmware Updates
                                                                                              1. Over-the-Air Update Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Update Delivery Security
                                                                                                  1. Update Authenticity Verification
                                                                                                    1. Rollback Attack Prevention
                                                                                                    2. Third-Party Applications
                                                                                                      1. App Store Security
                                                                                                        1. Application Sandboxing
                                                                                                          1. Malicious Application Installation
                                                                                                          2. Manufacturing and Maintenance Tools
                                                                                                            1. Diagnostic Tool Security
                                                                                                              1. Programming Tool Vulnerabilities
                                                                                                                1. Insider Threats
                                                                                                                2. Supply Chain Compromises
                                                                                                                  1. Counterfeit Hardware Components
                                                                                                                    1. Compromised Hardware Components
                                                                                                                      1. Hardware Supply Chain Risks
                                                                                                                        1. Detection and Mitigation Strategies

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                                                                                                                    2. Automotive Electronic Architecture

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                                                                                                                    4. In-Vehicle Network Protocols and Vulnerabilities