Astronomy

6.

6.1.

Observational Foundations

6.1.1.

The Expanding Universe

6.1.1.1.

6.1.1.2.

Distance-Velocity Relation

6.1.1.3.

Hubble Constant

6.1.2.

Cosmological Redshift

6.1.2.1.

6.1.2.2.

Measurement Techniques

6.1.2.3.

Redshift Surveys

6.1.3.

Cosmic Distance Ladder

6.1.3.1.

Primary Distance Indicators

6.1.3.2.

Secondary Distance Indicators

6.1.3.3.

Standard Candles

6.2.

The Big Bang Model

6.2.1.

Historical Development

6.2.2.

Fundamental Assumptions

6.2.2.1.

Cosmological Principle

6.2.2.2.

Homogeneity and Isotropy

6.2.3.

Evidence for the Big Bang

6.2.3.1.

Expanding Universe

6.2.3.2.

Cosmic Microwave Background

6.2.3.3.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

6.2.3.4.

Large-Scale Structure

6.2.4.

Timeline of the Universe

6.2.4.1.

6.2.4.2.

Grand Unification Era

6.2.4.3.

Inflationary Era

6.2.4.4.

Electroweak Era

6.2.4.5.

6.2.4.6.

6.2.4.7.

6.2.4.8.

Nucleosynthesis Era

6.2.4.9.

6.2.4.10.

6.2.4.11.

6.2.4.12.

6.2.4.13.

Structure Formation

6.3.

Cosmic Microwave Background

6.3.1.

Discovery and Properties

6.3.2.

Temperature Fluctuations

6.3.3.

6.3.4.

6.3.4.1.

6.3.4.2.

6.3.4.3.

6.3.5.

Cosmological Parameters from CMB

6.4.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

6.4.1.

6.4.1.1.

Observational Evidence

6.4.1.1.1.

Galaxy Rotation Curves

6.4.1.1.2.

Gravitational Lensing

6.4.1.1.3.

Galaxy Clusters

6.4.1.1.4.

Large-Scale Structure

6.4.1.2.

6.4.1.2.1.

6.4.1.2.2.

6.4.1.2.3.

Sterile Neutrinos

6.4.1.3.

Detection Experiments

6.4.2.

6.4.2.1.

6.4.2.2.

Type Ia Supernovae

6.4.2.3.

Accelerating Expansion

6.4.2.4.

Cosmological Constant

6.4.2.5.

6.4.2.6.

Modified Gravity

6.5.

Cosmic Structure Formation

6.5.1.

Linear Perturbation Theory

6.5.2.

Nonlinear Evolution

6.5.3.

N-Body Simulations

6.5.4.

Galaxy Formation

6.5.5.

6.5.5.1.

6.5.5.2.

6.5.5.3.

6.6.

Cosmological Models

6.6.1.

Friedmann Equations

6.6.2.

Critical Density

6.6.3.

Geometry of the Universe

6.6.3.1.

6.6.3.2.

6.6.3.3.

Closed Universe

6.6.4.

Cosmological Parameters

6.6.4.1.

Hubble Parameter

6.6.4.2.

Density Parameters

6.6.4.3.

Equation of State

6.7.

Inflation and Early Universe

6.7.1.

Inflation Theory

6.7.1.1.

6.7.1.2.

6.7.1.3.

6.7.2.

Primordial Gravitational Waves

6.7.3.

Quantum Fluctuations

6.7.4.

Multiverse Concepts

6.8.

The Fate of the Universe

6.8.1.

Future Evolution Scenarios

6.8.1.1.

6.8.1.2.

6.8.1.3.

6.8.2.

Stellar Evolution and Death

6.8.3.

6.8.4.

6.9.

Frontiers and Open Questions

6.9.1.

Nature of Dark Matter

6.9.2.

Nature of Dark Energy

6.9.3.

Quantum Gravity

6.9.4.

String Theory and Cosmology

6.9.5.

Anthropic Principle

6.9.6.

Fine-Tuning Problems

6.9.7.

Baryon Asymmetry

6.9.8.

Cosmic Inflation Verification

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5. Galactic Astronomy

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1. Foundations of Astronomy