Acoustics, Vibration, and Waves

4.

Acoustics: The Science of Sound

4.1.

Nature of Sound Waves

4.1.1.

Sound as a Longitudinal Pressure Wave

4.1.2.

Particle Velocity vs. Particle Displacement

4.1.3.

Generation of Sound Waves

4.1.3.1.

Vibrating Sources

4.1.3.2.

Transient Sources

4.1.3.3.

Continuous Sources

4.1.4.

Propagation of Sound in Media

4.1.5.

Acoustic Pressure and Particle Velocity

4.1.6.

Speed of Sound in Different Media

4.1.6.1.

4.1.6.2.

4.1.6.3.

4.1.6.4.

Composite Materials

4.1.7.

Factors Affecting Speed of Sound

4.1.7.1.

4.1.7.2.

4.1.7.3.

4.1.7.4.

Molecular Composition

4.2.

Characteristics of Sound

4.2.1.

Frequency and Pitch

4.2.1.1.

Fundamental Frequency

4.2.1.2.

Harmonics and Overtones

4.2.1.3.

Pitch Perception

4.2.2.

Amplitude and Loudness

4.2.2.1.

Sound Pressure Amplitude

4.2.2.2.

4.2.2.3.

4.2.3.

4.2.3.1.

Definition and Units

4.2.3.2.

Intensity vs. Amplitude

4.2.4.

The Decibel Scale

4.2.4.1.

Logarithmic Nature

4.2.4.2.

Sound Pressure Level

4.2.4.3.

Sound Intensity Level

4.2.4.4.

Reference Levels

4.2.4.5.

Addition of Decibel Levels

4.2.5.

Timbre and Waveform Complexity

4.2.5.1.

Harmonic Content

4.2.5.2.

Spectral Analysis

4.2.5.3.

Envelope and Attack

4.2.5.4.

4.3.

Sound Power and Intensity

4.3.1.

Point Sources and Spherical Waves

4.3.2.

Line Sources and Cylindrical Waves

4.3.3.

4.3.4.

Inverse Square Law

4.3.5.

Sound Power Level

4.3.6.

Sound Intensity Measurement

4.3.6.1.

Intensity Probes

4.3.6.2.

Sound Power Determination

4.3.7.

4.3.7.1.

Directivity Index

4.3.7.2.

Radiation Patterns

4.4.

Acoustic Impedance

4.4.1.

Specific Acoustic Impedance

4.4.2.

Characteristic Impedance

4.4.3.

Impedance Matching

4.4.4.

Reflection at Impedance Boundaries

4.5.

Human Hearing and Psychoacoustics

4.5.1.

The Human Ear Mechanism

4.5.1.1.

4.5.1.1.1.

4.5.1.1.2.

4.5.1.2.

4.5.1.2.1.

4.5.1.2.2.

4.5.1.2.3.

Eustachian Tube

4.5.1.3.

4.5.1.3.1.

4.5.1.3.2.

4.5.1.3.3.

4.5.2.

Frequency Range of Hearing

4.5.2.1.

Audible Frequency Range

4.5.2.2.

Age-Related Changes

4.5.2.3.

Individual Variations

4.5.3.

Loudness Perception

4.5.3.1.

Equal Loudness Contours

4.5.3.2.

4.5.3.3.

4.5.3.4.

Stevens' Power Law

4.5.4.

Pitch Perception

4.5.4.1.

4.5.4.2.

Temporal Theory

4.5.4.3.

4.5.5.

Masking Effects

4.5.5.1.

Frequency Masking

4.5.5.2.

Temporal Masking

4.5.5.3.

4.5.6.

Binaural Hearing

4.5.6.1.

Interaural Time Difference

4.5.6.2.

Interaural Level Difference

4.5.6.3.

Head-Related Transfer Function

4.5.7.

Sound Localization

4.5.7.1.

Azimuth Localization

4.5.7.2.

Elevation Localization

4.5.7.3.

Distance Perception

4.5.8.

Hearing Impairment

4.5.8.1.

Conductive Hearing Loss

4.5.8.2.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

4.5.8.3.

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3. Wave Propagation and Behavior

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5. Vibration of Continuous Systems