Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic Properties
   1. Extensive Properties
      1. Volume
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Measurement Techniques
         3. Relationship with Pressure and Temperature
         4. Volume Changes in Chemical Reactions
      2. Mass
         1. Conservation of Mass
         2. Mass vs. Weight
         3. Impact on Thermodynamic Calculations
      3. Total Energy
         1. Components of Total Energy
            1. Kinetic Energy
            2. Potential Energy
            3. Internal Energy
         2. Conservation of Total Energy
         3. Energy Transfer Mechanisms
   2. Intensive Properties
      1. Temperature
         1. Definition and Significance
         2. Temperature Measurement Techniques
            1. Thermocouples
            2. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
            3. Infrared Thermometers
         3. Temperature Gradients and Their Effects
      2. Pressure
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Pressure Measurement Instruments
            1. Manometers
            2. Bourdon Gauges
            3. Pressure Transducers
         3. Atmospheric Pressure vs. Gauge Pressure
         4. Pressure-Temperature Relationship in Gases
      3. Density
         1. Definition and Calculation
         2. Role in Fluid Dynamics
         3. Variations with Temperature and Pressure
         4. Density and Buoyancy
         5. Application in Material Science
   3. Specific Properties
      1. Specific Volume
         1. Relationship with Density
         2. Role in Thermodynamic Equations
      2. Specific Heat Capacity
         1. Definition and Different Types
            1. Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Cp)
            2. Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv)
         2. Measurement and Applications
         3. Impact on Energy Calculations
      3. Specific Enthalpy and Specific Entropy
         1. Importance in Thermodynamic Processes
         2. Use in Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis
   4. Other Properties
      1. Compressibility
         1. Definition and Relevance
         2. Isothermal vs. Adiabatic Compressibility
         3. Applications in Fluid Mechanics and Material Science
      2. Expansivity
         1. Thermal Expansion Coefficient
         2. Applications in Engineering and Material Design
         3. Impact on Structural Integrity and Failure
      3. Viscosity
         1. Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
         2. Methods of Measurement
         3. Influence on Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer