Thermodynamics

1. Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
   1. Introduction to Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
      1. Distinction from Equilibrium Thermodynamics
      2. Importance in Engineering and Science
      3. Historical Development and Key Contributors
   2. Fundamental Concepts
      1. Nonequilibrium State Variables
         1. Local Equilibrium Assumption
         2. Gradient-Driven Processes
      2. Thermodynamic Forces and Fluxes
         1. Definition of Thermodynamic Forces
         2. Fluxes and their Relationship with Forces
   3. Transport Phenomena
      1. Diffusion
         1. Concentration Gradients
         2. Fick's Laws of Diffusion
         3. Applications in Biological Systems
         4. Diffusion Coefficients
      2. Viscosity
         1. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
         2. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
         3. Shear Stress and Velocity Gradient
      3. Thermal Conductivity
         1. Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
         2. Thermal Conductivity Coefficients
         3. Heat Transfer in Non-equilibrium Systems
   4. Irreversible Processes
      1. Entropy Production
         1. Sources of Irreversibility
         2. Calculation of Entropy Production Rates
      2. Onsager Reciprocal Relations
         1. Linear Response Theory
         2. Coupling of Different Fluxes and Forces
      3. Thermodynamic Steady State
         1. Steady State vs. Equilibrium
         2. Stability and Fluctuations in Non-equilibrium Systems
   5. Thermoelectric Effects
      1. Seebeck Effect
         1. Thermoelectric Power Generation
         2. Applications in Energy Conversion
      2. Peltier Effect
         1. Peltier Cooling and Heating
         2. Applications in Thermoelectric Refrigeration
      3. Thomson Effect
         1. relationship with Seebeck and Peltier Effects
         2. Applications in Temperature Measurement
   6. Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics in Dynamic Systems
      1. Time-Dependent Processes
         1. Transient Heat Transfer
         2. Relaxation Times in Thermodynamic Systems
      2. Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos
         1. Bifurcations and Instabilities
         2. Application in Climate Modeling
   7. Applications
      1. Biological Systems
         1. Cellular Processes and Metabolism
         2. Non-equilibrium in Biological Membranes
      2. Chemical Engineering
         1. Reaction Kinetics
         2. Catalysis and Non-equilibrium Phenomena
      3. Environmental Science
         1. Climate Change and Atmospheric Dynamics
         2. Pollution Dispersion and Transport Modeling
   8. Advanced Concepts
      1. Fluctuation Theorems
         1. Jarzynski Equality
         2. Crooks Fluctuation Theorem
      2. Stochastic Thermodynamics
         1. Thermodynamics of Stochastic Processes
         2. Langevin and Fokker-Planck Equations
      3. Quantum Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
         1. Quantum Transport and Decoherence
         2. Role in Nanotechnology and Quantum Computing
   9. Challenges and Recent Developments
      1. Modeling Complex Systems
         1. Multiscale Modeling Techniques
         2. Challenges in High Fidelity Simulations
      2. Experimental Techniques
         1. Measurement of Small-Scale Non-equilibrium Phenomena
         2. Advances in Material Science for Thermoelectric Applications