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Psychology
Psychological Research Methods
Case Study Methods
Definition and Characteristics
In-depth investigation of a single case or a small number of cases
Emphasis on contextual analysis and real-life application
Focus on detailed and holistic understanding rather than generalization
When to Use Case Studies
Exploring complex phenomena not suited for experimental investigation
Generating hypotheses for further research
Providing detailed descriptions and insights into rare or unique cases
Types of Case Studies
Intrinsic Case Studies
Focus on understanding a specific case for its own sake
Typically used when the case itself is of unique interest or relevance
Instrumental Case Studies
Provides insights into a particular issue or helps refine a theory
The case itself is secondary, used to illustrate or explore an aspect of interest
Collective Case Studies
Involves studying multiple cases simultaneously or sequentially
Enables comparison and is used to investigate phenomena in diverse settings
Data Collection Techniques
Interviews
Structured, semi-structured, or unstructured approaches
Gathering first-hand accounts, perspectives, and narratives
Document Analysis
Review and interpretation of existing documents, records, or material
Contextualizing findings with historical, official, or personal documents
Observation
Direct observation of events, processes, or behavior in context
Can be overt or covert, participatory or non-participatory
Archival Records
Use of existing statistical data, reports, and records to supplement data
Effective in historical case studies or when longitudinal data is needed
Artifacts and Physical Evidence
Examination of tangible artifacts relevant to the case
Includes tools, technology, spaces, and other physical items
Advantages
Provides a comprehensive and multifaceted understanding of complex issues
Allows exploration of variables and interactions in real-life context
Facilitates theory development through rich, detailed data
Useful in evaluating programs, practices, and interventions
Limitations
Challenges in generalizing from single cases to broader populations
Potential for researcher bias due to close interaction with the study subject
Time-consuming and resource-intensive data collection and analysis
Ethical and practical challenges in gaining access to or preserving case privacy
Ethical Considerations
Ensuring informed consent and confidentiality of participants
Balancing the researcher's role with maintaining objectivity and respect
Managing potential impacts on individuals, organizations, and communities
Vigilance in reporting to avoid misrepresentation or harm
4. Survey Methods
First Page
6. Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies