Organic Chemistry

1. Spectroscopy and Analysis
   1. Mass Spectrometry
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Ionization Methods
            1. Electron Ionization (EI)
            2. Chemical Ionization (CI)
            3. Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
            4. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)
         2. Mass Analyzers
            1. Quadrupole Mass Analyzers
            2. Time-of-Flight (TOF) Analyzers
            3. Ion Trap Analyzers
            4. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR)
         3. Detectors
            1. Electron Multiplier
            2. Faraday Cup
            3. Microchannel Plate
      2. Molecular Ion and Fragmentation
         1. Understanding the Molecular Ion Peak
         2. Fragmentation Patterns
            1. Alpha Cleavage
            2. McLafferty Rearrangement
            3. Retro-Diels-Alder Fragmentation
         3. Isotopic Patterns and Applications
      3. Applications of Mass Spectrometry
         1. Proteomics and Biomolecule Analysis
         2. Metabolomics
         3. Environmental Analysis
         4. Quality Control in Industry
   2. Infrared Spectroscopy
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Vibrational Modes
            1. Stretching Vibrations
            2. Bending Vibrations
         2. Infrared Active vs. Inactive Compounds
      2. Functional Group Identification
         1. Characteristic IR Absorption Bands
            1. Hydroxyl Groups (O-H Stretch)
            2. Carbonyl Groups (C=O Stretch)
            3. Amines and Amides (N-H Bending)
            4. C-H Stretching Patterns in Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
      3. Application of IR Spectroscopy
         1. Compound Identification
         2. Monitoring Reactions
         3. Structural Analysis of Polymers
   3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Nuclear Spin
         2. Magnetic Field and Resonance
      2. Proton and Carbon NMR
         1. ¹H NMR Spectroscopy
            1. Chemical Shifts
            2. Spin-Spin Coupling
            3. Integration and Peak Areas
         2. ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy
            1. Simplified Spectra
            2. DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer)
      3. Chemical Shifts and Coupling
         1. Factors Affecting Chemical Shifts
            1. Electronegativity and Hybridization
            2. Anisotropic Effects
         2. J-Coupling and Its Interpretation
            1. Scalar Coupling
            2. Coupling Constants
      4. Advanced NMR Techniques
         1. Two-Dimensional NMR
            1. COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy)
            2. HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence)
            3. NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy)
         2. Solid-State NMR
   4. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Electronic Transitions
            1. π to π* Transitions
            2. n to π* Transitions
         2. Beer's Law
            1. Absorbance, Transmittance, and Concentration Relationship
      2. Application of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
         1. Determination of Concentration
         2. Analysis of Conjugated Systems
         3. Monitoring Reaction Progress
   5. Chromatography and Separation Techniques
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Mobile Phase and Stationary Phase
         2. Retention Time and Separation Efficiency
      2. Gas Chromatography (GC)
         1. Types of Columns
            1. Packed Columns
            2. Capillary Columns
         2. Detectors Used in GC
            1. Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
            2. Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
      3. Liquid Chromatography (LC)
         1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
            1. Types of HPLC
               1. Normal Phase HPLC
               2. Reverse Phase HPLC
            2. Detectors in HPLC
               1. UV-Vis Detector
               2. Refractive Index Detector
         2. Applications of LC
            1. Pharmaceutical Analysis
            2. Separation of Complex Mixtures
      4. Advanced Chromatographic Techniques
         1. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
         2. Ion Exchange Chromatography
         3. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)