Optics

1. Geometrical Optics
   1. Basic Principles
      1. Ray Approximation
         1. Assumption of light traveling in straight lines
         2. Validity in large-scale systems compared to light's wavelength
         3. Applications in designing optical systems
      2. Reflection and Refraction
         1. Interaction of light at interfaces
         2. Dependence on surface properties and media characteristics
   2. Laws of Reflection
      1. Angle of Incidence
         1. Definition with respect to the normal
         2. Relation to angle of reflection
      2. Angle of Reflection
         1. Measuring standards and practical considerations
      3. Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection
         1. Nature and applications of smooth versus rough surfaces
         2. Importance in surface texture analysis and coatings
   3. Laws of Refraction
      1. Snell's Law
         1. Mathematical expression and derivation
         2. Implications for multi-media interfaces
      2. Refraction Index
         1. Calculation and significance in different materials
         2. Variation with wavelength (dispersion)
      3. Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
         1. Conditions for total internal reflection
         2. Applications in optical fibers and light guides
   4. Optical Instruments
      1. Lenses
         1. Convex Lenses
            1. Construction and focal length determination
            2. Role in converging light rays
         2. Concave Lenses
            1. Implications in diverging light rays
            2. Use in vision correction
         3. Lens Maker's Equation
            1. Factors affecting lens manufacturing
            2. Impact on focal length and power of a lens
         4. Applications in Magnification and Imaging
            1. Simple magnifiers
            2. Compound lens systems in microscopes and cameras
      2. Mirrors
         1. Plane Mirrors
            1. Image characteristics and behavior
            2. Uses in everyday applications
         2. Spherical Mirrors
            1. Concave Mirrors
               1. Focusing properties and real image formation
               2. Applications in telescopes and headlights
            2. Convex Mirrors
               1. Diverging light and virtual image formation
               2. Utilization in security and automotive fields
         3. Mirror Equation
            1. Derivation and practical usage
            2. Relationship with image formation
      3. Prisms
         1. Dispersion of Light
            1. Separation of light into constituent colors
            2. Use in spectroscopy
         2. Total Internal Reflection
            1. Critical angle establishment within prism geometry
            2. Application in periscopic systems and prisms
      4. Telescopes
         1. Optical designs (refracting vs. reflecting)
         2. Lens and mirror combinations for distant viewing
         3. Adaptations for astronomical and terrestrial applications
      5. Microscopes
         1. Compound microscopes and magnification principles
         2. Use of objective and eyepiece lenses
         3. Applications in biological and material sciences
   5. Image Formation
      1. Ray Diagrams
         1. Construction guidelines and conventions
         2. Interpretation of optical systems using ray paths
      2. Real vs. Virtual Images
         1. Characteristics of images formed by lenses and mirrors
         2. Implications in display systems and vision correction
      3. Magnification
         1. Quantitative measure of enlargement
         2. Dependence on focal length and object placement
         3. Applications in microscopy and photography systems