Microbiology

  1. Microorganisms
    1. Bacteria
      1. Structure and Classification
        1. Cell Envelope
          1. Capsule
            1. Cell wall
              1. Plasma membrane
              2. Gram Staining
                1. Gram-positive bacteria characteristics
                  1. Gram-negative bacteria characteristics
                  2. Morphology
                    1. Cocci: spherical bacteria
                      1. Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria
                        1. Spirilla: spiral-shaped bacteria
                          1. Pleomorphic bacteria: variations in shape
                          2. Other Classification Methods
                            1. Serotyping
                              1. Molecular taxonomy
                            2. Physiology and Metabolism
                              1. Metabolic Pathways
                                1. Glycolysis
                                  1. Krebs cycle
                                    1. Electron transport chain
                                    2. Energy Utilization
                                      1. Chemotrophs vs. phototrophs
                                        1. Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
                                        2. Adaptations to Environments
                                          1. Thermophiles
                                            1. Halophiles
                                              1. Acidophiles
                                            2. Genetics and Reproduction
                                              1. Genetic Material
                                                1. Chromosomal DNA
                                                  1. plasmids
                                                  2. Genetic Variation
                                                    1. Mutation and selection
                                                      1. Conjugation
                                                        1. Transformation and transduction
                                                        2. Growth and Division
                                                          1. Binary fission steps
                                                            1. Growth curve phases: lag, log, stationary, death
                                                          2. Pathogenic vs. Non-pathogenic Bacteria
                                                            1. Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
                                                              1. Adhesion to host cells
                                                                1. Toxin production
                                                                  1. Enzyme production
                                                                  2. Beneficial Bacteria
                                                                    1. Role in the gut microbiome
                                                                      1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
                                                                        1. Decomposers in ecosystems
                                                                    2. Viruses
                                                                      1. Structure and Classification
                                                                        1. Viral Components
                                                                          1. Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA
                                                                            1. Capsid structures: icosahedral, helical
                                                                              1. Envelope and surface proteins
                                                                              2. Classification Criteria
                                                                                1. Baltimore classification system
                                                                                  1. Families and genera of clinical importance
                                                                                2. Replication and Life Cycle
                                                                                  1. Lytic Cycle Stages
                                                                                    1. Attachment
                                                                                      1. Penetration
                                                                                        1. Biosynthesis
                                                                                          1. Maturation
                                                                                            1. Lysis
                                                                                            2. Lysogenic Cycle
                                                                                              1. Incorporation into host genome
                                                                                                1. Prophage formation
                                                                                                  1. Induction and reactivation
                                                                                                2. Antiviral Mechanisms
                                                                                                  1. Host immune mechanisms
                                                                                                    1. Antiviral drugs and their targets
                                                                                                      1. Vaccination strategies
                                                                                                    2. Fungi
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Classification
                                                                                                        1. Basic Structures
                                                                                                          1. Hyphae and mycelium
                                                                                                            1. Spore formation
                                                                                                            2. Taxonomic Groups
                                                                                                              1. Ascomycetes
                                                                                                                1. Basidiomycetes
                                                                                                                  1. Zygomycetes
                                                                                                                    1. Chytridiomycetes
                                                                                                                    2. Yeasts vs. Molds
                                                                                                                      1. Unicellular vs. multicellular
                                                                                                                        1. Reproductive mechanisms
                                                                                                                      2. Reproduction
                                                                                                                        1. Asexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                          1. Budding
                                                                                                                            1. Sporulation
                                                                                                                            2. Sexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                              1. Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis
                                                                                                                                1. Formation of fruiting bodies
                                                                                                                              2. Role in Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                1. Decomposition and nutrient recycling
                                                                                                                                  1. Mycorrhizal associations with plants
                                                                                                                                    1. Lichen formation
                                                                                                                                  2. Protozoa
                                                                                                                                    1. Classification and Morphology
                                                                                                                                      1. Various Classes
                                                                                                                                        1. Flagellates: movement via flagella
                                                                                                                                          1. Ciliates: movement via cilia
                                                                                                                                            1. Amoeboids: movement via pseudopodia
                                                                                                                                              1. Sporozoans: no movement in mature form
                                                                                                                                              2. Unique Structures
                                                                                                                                                1. Cysts and trophozoites stages
                                                                                                                                                  1. Contractile vacuole for osmoregulation
                                                                                                                                                2. Life Cycle and Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                  1. Life Cycle Stages
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cyst form
                                                                                                                                                      1. Vegetative form
                                                                                                                                                      2. Reproductive Processes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Binary fission
                                                                                                                                                          1. Schizogony
                                                                                                                                                            1. Conjugation in ciliates
                                                                                                                                                          2. Pathogenic Protozoa
                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease-Causing Protozoans
                                                                                                                                                              1. Plasmodium species (malaria)
                                                                                                                                                                1. Giardia lamblia
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Trypanosoma species
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Strategies for Pathogenicity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immune evasion tactics
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Host cell invasion mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                1. Microbiology Overview
                                                                                                                                                                First Page
                                                                                                                                                                3. Microbial Ecology