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Biology
Genetics and Heredity
Evolutionary Genetics
Role in Evolution
Adaptation
Adaptive traits and their genetic bases
Examples of adaptation in various species
Genetic mechanisms of adaptation
Positive selection
Genetic hitchhiking
Gene duplication
Role of environmental factors in shaping adaptations
Natural Selection
Mechanisms of natural selection
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Relationship between natural selection and genetic diversity
Case studies in natural selection
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Industrial melanism in moths
Speciation
Genetic basis of speciation
Genetic divergence and reproductive isolation
Role of geographic isolation (allopatric speciation)
Role of non-geographic factors (sympatric speciation)
Models of speciation
Gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium
Genetic signatures of speciation events
Molecular Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic Trees
Construction of phylogenetic trees
Data sources: DNA, RNA, protein sequences
Computational methods: maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference
Interpretation of phylogenetic trees
Common ancestry and evolutionary relationships
Labelling nodes and branches
Applications of phylogenetic trees in evolutionary biology
Tracing lineage divergence
Understanding evolutionary history of traits
Comparative Genomics
Comparative analysis of genomes from different species
Identifying conserved and divergent genetic elements
Exploring evolutionary changes at the genomic level
Use of comparative genomics in studying evolutionary processes
Identifying genes under selection
Inferring functional annotations
Elucidating evolutionary innovations
Insights into human evolution through comparative genomics
Comparing human and primate genomes
Genetic differences linked to human-specific traits
Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo)
Intersection of evolution and developmental biology
Role of genes in controlling developmental processes
Changes in developmental genes leading to evolutionary changes
Hox genes and evolutionary development
Importance of Hox clusters in body plan development
Evolutionary conservation of Hox genes
Evolution of developmental pathways
Genetic and developmental plasticity
Regulatory network changes contributing to morphological evolution
Co-evolution
Genetic interactions between species
Host-parasite co-evolution
Plant-pollinator interactions
Genetic basis of co-evolutionary dynamics
Reciprocal selection pressures
Implications of co-evolutionary studies
Understanding biodiversity
Insights into ecosystem stability and evolution
5. Human Genetics
First Page
7. Applications of Genetics