Educational Psychology

1. Cognitive Processes in Learning
   1. Information Processing Model
      1. Sensory Memory
         1. Role of sensory memory in initial information capture
         2. Duration and capacity of sensory memory
         3. Types: iconic and echoic memory
      2. Short-term Memory
         1. Processes for maintaining information
         2. Role in information processing and problem-solving
         3. Limitations: capacity and duration
         4. Techniques to enhance short-term memory retention
      3. Long-term Memory
         1. Types: declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memory
         2. Processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval
         3. Memory consolidation and retrieval cues
         4. Techniques to improve long-term memory accessibility
   2. Attention
      1. Selective Attention
         1. Mechanisms of focusing on relevant information
         2. The role of selective attention in learning and perception
         3. Factors influencing selective attention (e.g., stimuli characteristics, individual differences)
      2. Divided Attention
         1. Ability to process multiple tasks simultaneously
         2. Costs and limitations of multitasking
         3. Strategies for managing divided attention in educational settings
      3. Sustained Attention
         1. Importance of maintaining focus over time
         2. Impact on learning and performing complex tasks
         3. Techniques for improving sustained attention (e.g., breaks, mindfulness)
   3. Perception in Learning
      1. Visual Perception
         1. How visual information is processed and interpreted
         2. Role of visual perception in reading and mathematics
         3. Visual perception challenges and interventions
      2. Auditory Perception
         1. Processing and interpretation of auditory information
         2. Impact on language acquisition and listening skills
         3. Auditory processing disorders and support strategies
   4. Mental Representations
      1. Schemas
         1. Definition and role in organizing information
         2. Influence on memory and learning expectations
         3. Strategies to create and modify schemas for learning
      2. Concept Maps
         1. Use in visualizing relationships between concepts
         2. Benefits in knowledge organization and retrieval
         3. Techniques for effective concept map construction
   5. Problem-solving
      1. Problem-solving Strategies
         1. Steps in the problem-solving process (e.g., identification, planning, execution, evaluation)
         2. Algorithmic vs. heuristic approaches
         3. Techniques for enhancing problem-solving skills
      2. Creative Problem-solving
         1. Definition and importance in cognitive processes
         2. Strategies for promoting creativity (e.g., brainstorming, lateral thinking)
         3. Overcoming mental blocks and biases
   6. Metacognition
      1. Metacognitive Strategies
         1. Strategies for planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning
         2. Importance of metacognitive awareness in self-directed learning
         3. Tools and exercises to develop metacognitive skills
      2. Self-regulation
         1. Role in setting goals, self-monitoring, and adjusting learning approaches
         2. Impact on motivation and academic performance
         3. Techniques for improving self-regulatory behaviors (e.g., goal setting, self-assessment)